F 

581 
.M47 
1909 


DODGE'S 
GEOGRAPHY 

OF 

WISCONSIN 


MERRILL 


9/o.r 

ri55 


Rand  M^NaUy  6  Co. 


LIBRARY 
Connecticut  State  College 


Vol. 


±±&£L5L 


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no'o 


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Date 


BOOK    910  7,M55    c.  1 

MERRILL    #    DODGES    GEOGRAPHY    OF 

WISCONSIN 


3  T1S3  DOEDbSBl  fl 


This  Book  may  be  kept  out 

TtVO  IFEEKS 

only  and  is  subject  to  a  fire  of 
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DODGE'S  GEOGRAPHY 
OF  WISCONSIN 

By 

J.  A.  Merrill 

Professor  of  Geography,  Superior  State  Normal  School,  Sitperior,   Wisconsin 

Part  I 
WISCONSLN    AS   A    WHOLE 

Part  II 

THE   GROWTH   AND    DEVELOPMENT   OE   CrriES 

Part  III 

STATISTICS   AND   AIDS   TO   TEACHERS 


51 


CHICAGO  NEW    YORK  LONDON 

RAND   McNALLY   &  COMPANY 


By  Richard  Elwood  Dodge 

Professor  of  Geography,  Teachers  College,  Columbia   University,  New   York  City 


Dodge's  Two-Book  Series  of  Geography 
DODGE'S  ELEMENTARY  GEOGRAPHY   .    .        $  .65 

Special  Method:  Causal  Relations  treated  by  induction.  Reason- 
ing from  consequences  to  causes. 

PART  /—HOME  GEOGRAPHY 

Central  Thought:  The  relation  of  the  individual  pupil  to  all  parts 
of  his  country,  showing  the  interdependence  of  people  commercially 
and  industrially. 

PART  //—WORLD  RELATIONS  AND  THE 
CONTINENTS 
Central    Thought:     The  relation    of    the  individual  pupil  to    the 
world  as  a  whole,  showing   the  interdependence  of   nations  com- 
mercialh'  and   industrially,   and   placing  special   emphasis  on   the 
lives  and  occupations  of  the  people- 

DODGE'S  ADVANCED  GEOGRAPHY $1.20 

Special  Method:  Causal  Relations  treated  by  deduction.  Reason- 
ing from  causes  to  consequences. 

PART  /—THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  GEOGRAPHY 

Central  Thought:  The  dependence  of  life  and  industry  on  physi- 
cal environment. 

PART  //—COMPARATIVE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  THE 

CONTINENTS 
Central    Tltought:     Commerce  and   industry  as  well  as   political 
divisions  the  outgrowth  of  physical  conditions,  the  reasons  there- 
for,  arid    comparisons  of    these   and   other   points    in    the   various 
countries. 


Dodge's  Geography  by  Grades 

Book     One.      HOME     GEOGRAPHY    AND     WORLD 

RELATIONS $  .35 

PART  /—HOME  GEOGRAPHY 
Central  Thought:     The   relation    of    the   individual    pupil    to  all 
parts  of  his  country,  showing  the  interdependence  of  people  com- 
mercially and  industrially. 

PART  //—WORLD  RELATIONS 
Central  Thought:     The   relation  of    the  individual  pupil   to   the 
world  as  a  whole,  showing  the  interdependence  of  nations  commer- 
cially and  industrially. 

Book  Two.     ELEMENTS   OF  CONTINENTAL  GEOG- 
RAPHY   $  .50 

Special  emphasis  on  the  lives  and  occupations  of  people. 
Special  Method  Books  One  and  Two:      Causal  Relations   treated 
by  mduction.      Reasoning  from  consequences  to  causes. 

Book  Three.     PRINCIPLES    OF    GEOGRAPHY    AND 

NORTH  AMERICA $  .75 

Central  Thought:  The  dependence  of  life  and  industry  on  physi- 
cal environment. 

Book  Four.    COMPARATIVE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  THE 
CONTINENTS $  .70 

Central  Thought:  Commerce  and  industry  as  well  as  political 
divisions  the  iuitgrowth  of  physical  conditions,  the  reasons  therefor, 
and  comparisons  of  these  and  other  points  in  the  various  countries. 

Special  Method  Books  Three  and  Four:  Causal  Relations  treated 
by  deduction.      Reasoning  from  causes  to  consequences. 


GENERAL  CRITICS  FOR  BOTH  SERIES 

|!vf4^V^''9S?w^•T■^^^'^''^"'   Professor  of  Geography,   the  University  of  Chicago,   and 
t.LLhN  C.  SEMPLE,  author  of  "American  History  and  Its  Geographic  Conditions,"  Lou 


Ky. 


SPECLAL  CRITICS  FOR  THE  ELEMENTARY  GEOGRAPHY  AND  BOOKS  I.  AND  II.  BY  GRADES 

■'i^^X .^'^^l'^^^^'^-  Principal  of  Speyer  School,  Teachers  College,   New  York,  and 
ANNA  /•.  STONE,  Principal  of  Grammar  School  No.    lo,  Binghamton,  N.   Y. 

SPECLAL  CRITICS  FOR  THE  ADVANCED  GEOGRAPHY  AND  BOOKS  III.  AND  IV.  BY  GRADES 

ELIZABETH  SMITH.  Department  of  Geography,  the  Chicago   Normal  School    and 

CAROLINE  \V.  HOTCHKISS.  Seventh  Grade,   Horace  .Mann  School,  Teachers'  College.   New  York. 


Copyright,  iQog 
By  Rand,  McNallv  &  Co. 


CAicagci 


THE   INTRODUCTION 

HOME  Geography  is  usually  the  llrst  work  to  be  taken  up  in  any  study  of  geography 
because  beginning  students  need  to  know  first  the  geography  of  the  locality  in  which 
they  live,  in  which  they  are  most  interested,  and  with  which  they  are  most  familiar 
from  personal  experience.  The  results  gained  from  a  study  of  the  region  they  can  see  gives 
them  the  ability  to  understand  remote  regions  that  can  only  be  pictured  or  described  to  them. 
Because  our  own  home  locality  is  of  most  interest  to  us  is  also  a  reason  why  we  need  to  know 
it  better  than  we  need  to  know  any  other  region  of  the  world.  Hence  at  some  time  during 
the  school  course  it  is  most  valuable  to  make  a  careful  study  of  the  state  or  group  of  states  in 
which  we  live  that  we  may  have  a  better  understanding  of  the  geography  about  us  than  we 
can  get  from  the  necessarily  brief  accounts  given  in  a  text-book  of  geography. 

In  a  text -book  of  geogiraphy  we  study  the  relation  of  one  state  or  group  of  states  to  the 
whole  country  of  which  our  home  region  is  a  part,  and  our  commercial  relations  to  the  world 
as  a  whole.  It  follows  that  in  such  a  treatment  the  characteristics  that  distinguish  our  own 
home  regions  must  largely  be  lost  to  sight  in  the  consideration  of  the  great  features  that 
distinguish   the   country  as  a   whole. 

In  a  special  text -book  devoted  to  one  state  or  group  of  states  we  can  learn  more  about 
our  ovifn  region,  its  important  surface  features,  its  climate,  the  occupations  of  its  people,  its 
products,  its  local  commerce,  its  history,  its  chief  cities,  and  many  other  features  of  great 
interest  to  us.  Hence  we  need  to  make  a  special  study  of  our  home  locality  after  we  have 
studied  the  larger  region  of  which  it  is  an  important  part.  A  local  geography  is  not  only 
valuable  for  study  in  school  that  we  may  know  well  the  region  about  us,  but  it  is  valuable 
also  as  a  reference  volume  to  which  we  can  refer  for  facts  about  our  own  state  in  our  homes 
whenever  in  our  reading  or  conversation  some  question  arises  concerning  our  own  state  which 
needs  to  be  answered  at  once. 

In  this  text-book  the  surface  features,  the  climate,  the  soil  and  other  natural  resources 
which  determine  the  occupations  of  the  people  are  studied  first  because  they  are  the  large 
features  which  determine  the  distribution  and  success  of  industries.  One  of  the  great  lessons 
the  student  learns  in  geography  is  Man's  absolute  dependence  upon  Nature  for  his  existence. 
In  this  state,  as  in  other  regions,  topography  and  climate  pointed  out  the  path  of  development 
that  communities  must  follow  in  order  to  make  sure  their  existence  within  its  borders.  In  the 
pages  that  follow,  the  student  finds  traced  the  fundamental  conditions  that  have  moulded  the 
life  of  the  state.  After  these  come  the  historical  events  that  are  landmarks  in  its  growth,  and 
then  the  study  of  the  industrial  and  commercial  features  is  taken  up.  To  these,  which  explain 
the  reasons  for  the  development  and  growth  of  the  larger  cities,  and  which  show  us  why  our 
own  region  is  important  to  the  country  as  a  whole,  careful  attention  has  been  given. 

Certain  facts  like  the  distribution  and  character  of  educational  institutions,  the  distribution 
of  congressional  districts,  and  the  form  of  government  in  the  region  are  included,  because  our 
knowledge  of  our  own  locality  would  be  incomplete  without  them.  These  fittingly  illustrate 
the  political  unity  that  binds  together  the  interests  of  all  the  individuals  who  form  the  body- 
politic  which  we  call  the  state. 

That  this  book  may  prove  especially  valuable  as  a  reference  work  which  may  properly 
be  made  a  part  of  the  family  library  for  constant  consultation  on  many  points,  carefully 
prepared   diagrams,  tables  of   statistics,  and  references  to   further  reading  have  been  included. 

RICHARD  ELWOOD  DODGE. 


Tlic  I ntrodncti :  n 


THE    TABLE    OF    CONTENTS 


PART  I.     WISCOXSIX  AS  A  WHOLE 


Position  and  Size   . 
Sui-face  and  Soil 
Geological  Growth 

Glaciation 

Drainage 

Climate 

Scenery         

Native  Animals  and  Plants 

Native  Peoples 

Early  History  .... 


PAGE 

7 


Settlement iS 

Agriculture ly 

Live  Stock  .      .      .     • 21 

Minerals  and  Mining 22 

Manufacturing 

Transportation 


24 

27 


Government 29 

Education 

Population  and  Rank 


30 
32 


PART  //.     THE  (GROWTH  AXD  DEVELOPMEXT  OF  CITIES  AXD   TOWXS 


Distribution  and  Gain  in  Population 
Towns  of  the  Milwaukee  Region 
Towns  on  or  near  Lake  Michigan 
Rock  River  Valley  Towns      .... 
Towns  of  the  Green  Bay- Fox  River  Trail 
West  Shore  of  Green  Bay  and  Jlenominee  River 
Towns  


PAGE 

33 
35 
36 
38 
39 

41 


Wolf  River  Valley  Towns 41 

Towns  of  the  Lead  and  Zinc  District      .      .      .      .41 

Wisconsin  Valley  Towns 42 

Towns  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Valley         ...      43 

Lake  Superior  Towns 44 

Towns  of  the  Highland  Region 45 


PART  III.     STATISTICS  AXD  AIDS  TO  TEACHERS 


Reference  Tables 46 

Questions 4g 


Collateral  Readings 51 

Inde-x 52 


A    LIST    OF    THE    MAPS    AND    DIAGRAMS 


PAGE       I 

A  Political  Map      .    " 8 

A  Relief  Map 10 

A  Phj'sical  Map 10 

Isle  Wisconsin,  the  Old  Land  of  Missouri  and  the 

Adjacent  Areas 11 

The  Mean  Annual  Rainfall 14 

The  Mean   Annual   Rainfall   at   Pine   River  and 

Viroqua  from  1895  to  1905 14 

The  JNIean  Temperature  in  January  and  July    .      .  15 

The  Earliest  Explorations  and  Settlements  .  .  iS 
The  Value  of  Farm  Products  per  Scjuare   Mile, 

Census  of  igoo 19 

The  Production  of  Oats  per  Square  Mile,  Census 

of  1900 19 


PAGE 

The  Production  of  Rye  per  Square  Mile,  Census 

of  1900 20 

The  Yield  of  Potatoes  per  Square  Mile,  Census 

of  1905 20 

Proportions  of  Persons  Engaged  in  Each  Class  of 

Occupation,  Census  of  1900 21 

The  Production  of  Hay  and  Forage  per  Square 

Mile,  Census  of  1900 21 

The  Yield  of  Tobacco  per  Square  Mile,   Census 

of  1900 22 

The  Number  of  Cattle  per  Square  Mile,  Census 

of  1900 22 

The  Distribution  of  Minerals  in  the  state  oi  Wis- 
consin       23 


[4] 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


A  LIST  OF  THE  MAPS  AND  DlAGRXMS-^Continned 


The  Amount  of  Water  Power  (1,000  Horse  Power) 

Used  in  Manufactures 24 

The  Growth  of  Manufactures  hi  Millions  of  Dollars 

at  Each  Federal  Census 24 

The  Development  of   Water  Power  on   the  Fox 

River -5 

The  Value  of  Lumber  and  Timber  Products  per 

Square  Mile,  Census  of  1900       .... 
The  Prodiiction  of  Butter  in  Millions  of  Pounds, 


TS50  to  lyoo 

The  Prodviction  of  Cheese  in  Millions  of  Pounds, 

1S50  to  1 000 

The    Location    of    Principal    Cheese    and   Butter 

Factories 26 


26 
26 
26 


The  Value  of  Manufactured  Products  per  Scjuare 

Mile,  Census  of  1900 

The  Harbor  of  Superior 

The  Congressional  Districts 

The  Leading  Educational  Institutions   .      .      .      . 
The    Country    of    Birth    of    the    Foreign-Born 

Population,  Census  of  igoo 

The   Population  and   the  Density  of   Population 

per  Siiuare  Mile  at  Each  Federal  Census . 
The  State  of  Birth  of  the  Native-Bom  Popidation, 

Census  of  1900 

The  Density  of  Urban  Population,  Census  of  1900    . 

Milwaukee  and  Vicinity 

Map  of  Superior  and  Vicinity 


27 
29 

3° 
Til 

32 


44 


A    LIST    OF    THE    ILLUSTRATIONS 


PAGE 

The  Trail  Through  the  Pines.      .      .      .      Frontispiece 

Limestone  Bluffs  along  the  Mississippi  River    .      .  7 
Valley  of  the  Rock  River  north  of  Janesville    .      .11 

Stand  Rock 12 

East  Bank  of  Devils  Lake,  Sauk  County     ...  12 

Brunett  Falls,  Chippewa  River 12 

Junction     of     the     Mississippi     and     Wisconsin 

Rivers '3 

Scene  on  Turtle  River,  Iron  County       ....  13 

Overlooking  Lake  Mendota 13 

Dalles  of  the  Wisconsin 15 

On  the  Shore  of  Oconomowoc  Lake        .       ...  16 

Lake  Geneva '^ 

State  Fish  Hatchery  near  the  Shore  of  Chequa- 

megon  Bay,  Bayfield 16 

Black  Hawk,  a' Famous  Chief '7 

Battle  Hollow  near  Victory 17 

Pere   Marcpiette,    French  Jesuit   Missionary   and 

Explorer '* 

A  Wisconsin  Cornfield 20 

Field  of  Sugar  Beets  near  Janesville       ....21 

Harvesting  Hay,  Douglas  County 21 

Iron  Mine  near  Hurley 23 

View  of  a  Zinc  Mine  of  Southwestern  Wisconsin       .  23 

Granite  Quarry  in  Marinette  County      ....  24 

Limestone  Quarry  near  Wauwatosa        ....  24 

Wisconsin  River  at  Grand  Rapids 25 

Scene    in    the    Dairy    Building,     University    of 

Wisconsin 27 

Interior  View  of  a  Wagon  Works  at  Racine      .      .  27 

Interior    of  a  Great  Machine  Shop  at  Milwaukee.  28 


Transporting  Railroad  Ties  down  the  Streams  of 

Northern  Wisconsin 28 

On  the  Mississippi  River  Looking  Southwest  from 

La  Crosse 28 

View  of  the  Railroad  Yards  at  Superior      .      .      .29 

The  Ship  Yards  at  Superior 29 

A  View  of  the  University  Grounds 3° 

The  State  Capitol  at  Madison 3° 

Bird's-eye  View  of  Milwaukee 34.  35 

Milwaukee  Public  Library  and  Museum       .      .      .35 

Bird's-eye  View  of  Waukesha 36 

Spoke-driving  Machine 3^ 

Scene  in  Kenosha,  Showing  Soldiers'  Monument 

and  the  Beautiful  Simmons  Memorial  Library .      36 
A  Characteristic   Scene  in   the   Busy   Harbor  of 

Sheboygan .37 

Great  Chair  Factory  at  Sheboygan 3  7 

View  of  the  Dry  Docks  at  Manitowoc    .  .      -37 

The  State  Historical  Library,  Madison         ...      38 

Beloit  College jS 

Interior  of  a  Large  Woolen  Mill,  Beaverdam     .      .      39 

Point  Lookout,  near  Green  Bay 4° 

Oshkosh  as  Seen  from  Lake  Winneliago       ...      40 

View  of  Dunlop  Square,  Marinette 41 

A  Great  Plant  for  Separating  Ore  from  Rocks, 

Platteville 4i 

Interior    of    Great    Sash,     Door,    and    Moulding 

Factory,  Wausau 42 

River  Front  in  Business  Section  of  La  Crosse  .       .      43 

Bird's-eye  View  of  Eau  Claire 43 

Iron  and  Steel  Works  at  Ashland      .      .      .      •      •      45 


THE  TRAIL  THROUGH  THE  FIXES 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


THE   GEOGRAPHY   OF   WISCONSIN 


By  J.  A.  Merrill,  Professor  of  Geography,  Superior  State  Wormal  School,  Superior,  Wisconsin. 


I.     WJSCi^XSIX  AS  A  WHOLE 

Position  and  Size.  Wisconsin  is  situated 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  United  States  and 
near  the  center  of  the  great  interior  plain  of 
North  America.  It  has  contact  with  two  of 
the  greatest  commercial  water  ways  of  the 
world,  the  Mississippi  River  (Fig.  i)  on  the 
west,  and  the  Great  Lakes  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence River  system  on  the  north  and  east. 
(Fig.  2.)  Its  naturally  fertile  lands,  its  health- 
ful climate,  its  comparatively  even  surface, 
making  possible  railroad  building  at  mod- 
erate cost,  and  its  superior  facilities  for  trans- 
portation by  water  have  favored  its  rapid 
agricultural  and  commercial  development 
so  that  Wisconsin  now  is  one  of  the  leading 
states  of  the  Union. 

Before  Wisconsin  Territory  became  a  state, 
it  included  on  the  north  the  territory  extend- 
ing to  the  source  of  the  Mississippi  and  to 
Canada;  on  the  northeast  all  territory  now 
included  in  the  northern  peninsula  of  Michi- 


gan; while  on  the  south  it  stretched  to  the 
southern  extremity  of  Lake  Michigan,  includ- 
ing the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Chicago. 
These  strips  of  territory  were  cut  off  and 
given  to  the  commonwealths  of  which  they 
now  form  parts,  to  satisfy  certain  claims 
made  by  those  states  against  the  United 
States  Government.  As  Wisconsin  was  the 
last  state  made  out  of  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, it  was  given  all  the  area  that  was  left, 
and  provision  was  afterward  made  for  the 
building  of  a  canal  between  the  Fox  and 
Wisconsin  rivers. 

The  boundary  of  the  state  extends  along 
Lake  Superior  for  a  distance  of  about  130 
miles,  and  along  Lake  Michigan  for  approxi- 
mately 300  miles.  To  the  northeast  lies  the 
peninsula  of  Upper  Michigan,  and  on  the 
south  the  state  joins  Illinois  at  the  parallel  of 
42  degrees,  30  minutes  north.  The  meridian 
of  92  degrees,  20  minutes  west  separates  the 
state  from  Minnesota  as  far  south  as  the  St. 
Croix  River,  from  which  point  the  western 


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Fir,.  I.     A  view  of  the  picturesque  limestone  bluffs  along  the  Mississippi  River. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


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THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


Fig. 


Courtesy  of  E.  C.  CaHe. 

^4  relief  map  of  Wisconsin. 


deriving  their  eariy  prosperity  from  the  lum- 
ber industiy.  Mtich  of  this  region  is  sandy, 
with  an  underlying  granite  or  sandstone  rock, 
which  makes  a  fertile  soil,  favoralsle  for  the 
growth  of  cereals  and  vegetables,  but  preemi- 
nently so  for  grass.  Naturally,  therefore,  as 
the  lumbering  industry  declines,  fanning  and 
dairying  are  coming  to  take  its  place. 

The  soils  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state 
are  exceedingly  fertile,  and  are  well  adapted 
to  diversified  farming.  They  are  especially 
fitted  for  the  growth  of  cereals,  in  which  the 
state  ranks  high,  and  also  for  tobacco. 

As  has  already  been  seen  waterfalls  and 
rapids  have  resulted  from  the  work  of  the  ice 
sheet.  These  falls  furnish  water  power  (Fig. 
9)  in  al:)undance.  As  a  result  industries 
which  could  be  carried  on  by  w^ater  power 
ha\'e  developed  in  all  parts  of  the  state  out- 
side the  driftless  area.  i\round  these  favor- 
able situations  large  manufacturing  cities 
have  grown  up,  as  they  have  in  similar  situ- 
ations throughout  the  glaciated  region.  The 
soil  of   the  state  resulting  from  the  glacial 


invasion  is  varied  in  character  and  exceed- 
ingly fertile.  In  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Superior 
and  Green  Bay,  where  the  land  has  risen  and 
the  waters  have  receded,  there  is  a  plain  of 
red  clay,  while  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
state  the  glaciers  left  sandy  loam  and  alluvial 
deposits.  The  southern  part  of  the  state  has 
sandy  and  loamy  soil,  but  the  principal  source 
of  strength  is  the  limestone  (Fig.  39)  which 
underlies  the  entire  district. 

Geological  Growth.  The  history  of  the 
growth  of  Wisconsin's  land  area  is  most 
interesting.  This  history  began  ages  and 
ages  ago,  when  nearly  all  of  North  America, 
as  well  as  nearly  all  of  the  other  continents, 
was  covered  by  the  ocean.  At  that  time 
a  strong  mass  of  crystalline  granite  rock, 
which  we  call  Isle  Wisconsin  (Fig.  5), 
extended  above  the  water  in  the  region  of 
what  is  no\\'  known  as  northern  Wisconsin. 
The  highest  parts  of  this  ancient  isle  are  now 
to  be  found  near  the  boundary  between  Wis- 
consin and  Michigan.      (Fig.  4.) 

The  weather  acted  on  the  surface  of  this 


t,ooo  to  1,300 Jeet 
above  1,300  feet 


Fig.  4.     A  physical  map  of  Wisconsin. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


II 


rock  as  it  does  on  th;ii 
of  rocks  to-day, sepa- 
rating it  in  pieces, 
which  were  then  col- 
lected and  carried 
away  by  the  strean\s 
and  deposited  in  the 
water  surrounding  the 
island. 

The  detritus  brought 
to  the  ocean  by  the 
streams  was  sorted  by 
the  action  of  the  water. 
The  coarse  pebbles  and 
sand  were  dropped  near 
shore,  while  the  mud, 
mixed  with  the  pulver- 
ized fragments  of  ani- 
mal shells  and  other 
hard  parts  of  the  ani- 
mals of  this  long-ago 
time,  was  carried  farther  out.  Lime  deposits 
are  largely  composed  of  such  fragments  of  the 
harder  parts  of  animals,  and  in  many  locali- 
ties these  evidences  of  an  animal  life  may 
be  found  in  the  solid  rocka  Such  remains 
.we  call  fossils.     In  this  way  sandstone  was 


OLD 


Fig.  5. 


formed  close  to  the 
shore  of  Isle  Wisconsin 
and  limestone  farther 
to  the  south  where  the 
water  was  deeper  and 
more  quiet. 

As  the  sea  receded 
and  exposed  new  areas 
of  land  surface,  the 
streams  cut  deep  gorges 
in  the  rising  area,  and 
thus  basins  and  valleys 
were  developed.  Dur- 
ing the  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  years 
that  have  elapsed  since 
the  appearance  of  the 
first  Isle  Wisconsin,  the 
lands  may  have  been 

Isle  Wisconsin,  the  old  land  of  Missouri,  and    raised    and    lowered 
the  adjacent  seas.  ,       .  , 

several   times,      the 


rivers  and  the  atmosphere  have  been  con- 
stantly at  work,  and  step  by  step  the  land 
has  developed  until  it  reached  its  present 
form.  (Fig.  3.)  During  these  long,  long 
ages  many  kinds  of  animals  and  plants  have 
in  turn  developed  in  the  sea  or  have  been 


Fig.  6.     The  valley  of  the  Rock  River  north  of  Jaticsvilic.  looking  north.     This  stream  from  its  source 
to  Janesville  flows  through  a  region  covered  by  glacial  drift. 


12 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


nourished  on  the  soil.  While 
these  have  now  all  passed 
away  and  new  ones  have 
taken  their  places,  yet  we 
have  learned  of  their  forms 
and  of  the  conditions  amid 
which  they  lived  through  the 
study  of  their  fossil  remains 
found  buried  in  the  rocks. 

Glaciation.  In  recent  geo- 
logical times  and  yet  long, 
long  ago  from  the  standpoint 
of  human  history,  Wisconsin, 
like  other  northern  states  of 
the  Union,  was  invaded  by 
the  Great  Ice  Sheet.  (Adv. 
Geog.,  Fig.  1 80.)  The  glacial  ice  came  from 
the  north  and  northeast,  and  was  so  rigid  and 
heavy  that  it  smoothed  the  surface  by  largely 
removing  the  surface  soil  in  some  high  places 
and  by  piling  up  the  debris  in  lower  regions. 
Thus  the  shape  of  the  surface  was  greatly 


Fig.   7.     btand  Rock,  valley  of  the 

Wisconsin.     A  fine  example  of 

land  sculpture  on  resistant 

or  strong  rock. 


Fio.  8.     East  bank  of  Devils  Lake,  Sauk  County. 

Observe  at  the  left  the  drift  brought  down  and 

piled  up  during  the  glacial  invasion. 

changed,  and  the  Wisconsin  of  to-day  is  vastly 
different  from  the  Wisconsin  that  could  have 
been  seen  before  the  ice  occupied  the  region. 
(Adv.  Geog.,  Fig.  180  and  p.  94,) 

In  Wisconsin  there  were  two  periods  of 
glacial  advance,  and  the  ice  passed  over  the 


whole  region  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  small  irregular  corner 
in  the  southwestern  part, 
which  we  call  the  driftless 
area,  around  which  the  arms 
of  the  glacier  passed.  (Adv. 
Geog.,  Fig.  180.) 

The  running  waters  from 
the  melting  ice  and  the  rains 
began  to  flow  along  the  lowest 
lines  in  the  irregular  surface. 
The  water  accumulated  in 
the  hollows  and  formed  lakes; 
where  the  old  valleys  were 
completely  obscured  the  rivers 
had  to  follow  entirelv  new 
paths.  As  they  have  cut  down  their  chan- 
nels they  have  in  many  cases  cut  into  a  mass 
of  solid  rock  buried  beneath  the  glacial  detri- 
tus. At  such  points  waterfalls  (Fig.  9)  and 
gorges  have  been  formed.  The  lakes,  gorges, 
and  falls  due  to  the  action  of  the  ice  sheet 
and  the  rivers  (Fig.  loj  are  often  scenes  of 
beauty  which  attract  many  visitors  even 
from  long  distances. 

Drainage.  The  greater  part  of  the  state  is 
drained  by  the  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi 
River.     The  only  exceptions  of  importance 


Fig.   9.     Brunett  Falls,  Chippewa  River.     Falls  and 

rapids  which  afford  much  valuable  water  power 

are  characteristic  features  of  the  rivers 

of  the  glaciated  areas. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


13 


are  the  basin  of  the  Fox  River, 
which  is  drained  into  Green 
Bay,  and  that  of  the  Mihvau- 
kee  River,  which  drains  direct- 
ly into  Lake  Michigan,  their 
waters  finally  reaching  the 
Atlantic  through  the  St. 
Lawrence.  Smaller  streams 
flowing  into  Green  Bay  are 
the  Menominee  River,  which 
forms  part  of  the  northeastern 
boundary'  of  the  state,  and  the 
Peshtigo  and  Oconto  rivers. 

The  divide  which  separates 
the  waters  of  the  Mississippi 
from  those  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  is  but  a  few  miles  from  and  almost 


Fig.  10. 


.1  scene  on  Turtl- 
Iron  County. 


River. 


CoutlMT'uf  R   1;   Thwaites.  State  Historical  SotUty.  3Ia^isoD. 

Fig.  II.     TIic  junction  of  the  Mississippi  and  Wisconsin 

rivers.     The  Wisconsin  River  is  seen  in 

the  foreground. 

parallel  with  Lake  Superior.  It  passes  south- 
eastward along  the  boundary 
between  Wisconsin  and  Michi- 
gan, and  then  extends  south- 
ward between  the  Wisconsin 
and  Wolf-Fox  rivers  in  a  ridge 
that  is  almost  parallel  with  Lake 
Michigan.     (Fig.  3.) 

The  northwestern  ])art  of  the 
state  is  drained  by  the  St.  Croix 
and  the  Chippewa  rivers,  both 
of  which,  like  the  Fox,  were  of 


great  service  to  the  state  in 
the  past,  because  they  afforded 
excellent  transportation  for 
boats  and  logs. 

The  Wisconsin  River  (Fig. 
11),  an  important  tributary  of 
the  Mississippi  and  the  largest 
and  most  beautiful  river  in  the 
state,  rises  far  toward  the 
northeastern  border.  It  flows 
south,  then  southwestward 
across  the  state,  draining  a 
large  and  productive  basin. 
Although  interrupted  by 
many  falls  and  rapids,  it  is 
navigable  for  200  miles  to 
Portage,  where  a  short  canal  connects  it  with 
Fox  River,  thus  giving  an  easy  water  route 
from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Great  Lakes.  For 
these  reasons  it  was  a  significant  factor  in  the 
early  industrial  development  of  the  state  and 
was  an  important  route  of  trade  and  travel 
when  water  routes  were  the  only  pathways 
along  which  people  could  easily  move. 

The  Rock  River  (Fig.  6),  which  rises  in 
Fond  du  Lac  County  near  Lake  Winnebago, 
flows  southward  into  IlHnois,  and  is  the  out- 
let for  the  many  picturesque  lakes  of  south- 
eastern Wisconsin. 

The  drainage  into  Lake  Superior  is  by 
shorter  rivers,  among  which  are  the  St.  Louis, 
Brule,  and  Montreal.  The  first  and  last 
mentioned  rivers  form  part  of  the  natural 
boundaries  of  the  state.     The  headwaters  of 


if  'TS^I® 

■h 

m^^ 

g^: 

^:.<^- 

:0n 

Fig.  12.     Overlooking  Lake  Mendota,  Fourth  Lake,  Madison. 


14 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


Fig.  13.     The  mean  animal  rainfall  of  Wisconsin. 


continental.  The  state  is  washed  on  the 
north  and  east  by  the  waters  of  two  of 
the  Great  Lakes — Superior,  with  an  area  of 
32,000  square  miles,  and  Michigan,  with 
2  2,400  square  miles,  or  a  combined  area  about 
equal  to  that  of  the  whole  state.  This 
situation  modifies  the  temperature  of  both 
winter  and  summer,  produces  an  abundance 
of  rainfall  (Figs.  13  and  14),  and  renders  the 
climate  far  more  favorable  to  agriculture  than 
it  otherwise  would  be. 

The  average  annual  storm  track  of  the 
United  States  passes  toward  the  east  through 
northern  Wisconsin.  (Adv.  Geog.,  Fig.  187.) 
As  the  winds  on  the  east  side  of  a  cyclonic 
storm  are  from  the  south  and  east,  and  those 
on  the  west  side  from  the  north  and  west, 
the  temperature  and  moisture  of  the  Great 
Lakes  on  the  north  and  east  are  carried  over 
the  land  and  modify  the  climate.  More  sud- 
den and  extreme  changes  occur  both  summer 
and  winter  in  the  southern  part  than  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state,  where  the  north- 
east winds  from  the  lakes  render  the  climate 
more  stable,  although  colder  in  the  spring 
and  warmer  in  the  early  winter. 

While  the  climate  differs  considerably  in 
the  different  parts  of  the  state,  it  is  less 
changeable  and  more  favorable  to  agricul- 
ture than  that  of  states  farther  west  which 
have  a  more  distinctlv  continental  climate. 


Ai'crage 


the  St.  Croix  and  the  Brule  are  in  the  same 
swamp  in  Douglas  County,  and,  therefore, 
like  the  Wisconsin-Fox  portage,  this  natural 
water  way  became  an  important  trade  and 
travel  route  for  early  explorers. 

Climate.     Wisconsin,  situated  as  it  is  near 
the  center  of  the  North  American  Continent, 
is  subject  largely  to  the  conditions  common 
to  all  great  land  areas,  and  has  a  climate 
marked  by  much  sunshine  and  high  tempera- 
ture in  summer,    and  by     <» 
clear  sky  with  low  tem- 
perature in  winter.      (Fig. 
15.)     Such  a  climate  is  a    ■'° 
wide  contrast  to  the  cli- 
mates of  southern  France 
and  northern  Italy,  coun- 
tries which  lie  in  the  same 
latitude  as  Wisconsin,  but 
near  enough  to  the  ocean 
to  be  affected  by  its  warm 
southwesterly  winds.  0 

The  cliiuate  of  Wiscon- 

1  -J.  1  P'NE    RIVER.  VIROQUA. 

Sm,  however,  is  not  purely      p^    j_,_     xhe  mean  annual  rainfall  at  Pine  River  and  Viroqua  from  1893  to  igoj. 


- 

— - 

-- 

— 

Ai 

crage 

... 

2S 

13 

hu 

lies 

— 

8.    §.    I 


&   %: 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


15 


FiCt.  15.     The  mean  temperature  of  Wisconsin 
in  January  and  July. 

Scenery.  The  scenery  is  surpassingly 
beautiful  in  many  parts  of  the  state.  In  the 
driftless  area  and  within  the  Dalles  of  the 
Wisconsin  (Fig.  16)  and  the  St.  Croix  rivers, 
the  results  of  land  sculpture  on  strong  rocks 
(Fig.  7)  are  seen  in  forms  that  are  both  gro- 
tesque and  picturesque. 

The  glacial  (Fig.  8j  lakes  of 
the  state,  which  are  estimated 
to  exceed  2,000  in  number, 
afford  varied  and  attractive 
scenery,  as  well  as  an  abun- 
dance of  fish  and  game. 

The  Apostle  Islands  (Fig.  18), 
lying  far  to  tlie  north  in  Lake 
Superior,  are  widely  known  be- 
cause of  their  delightful  summer 
climate  and  the  beauty  of  their 
scenery. 

The  cool,  pure  air,  with  a 
preponderance  of  sunshine,  the 
attractive  scenery,  the  many 
beautiful,  clear  lakes  (Fig.  19), 


the  cold,  well-stocked  trout  streams,  of  which 
there  are  5,000  miles  in  the  state,  the  abun- 
dance of  game,  and  the  health-giving  pine 
forests  make  Wisconsin  one  of  the  most 
famous  summer  resort  regions  in  America. 
Every  year  in  summer  thousands  of  people 
from  the  cities  and  regions  farther  south  seek 
the  lakes  and  islands  of  Wisconsin  to  rest  and 
recuperate  amid  their  health-giving  scenes  of 
unrivaled  natural  beauty.     (Fig.  17.) 

Native  Animals  and  Plants.  The  native 
fauna  of  Wisconsin  is  varied,  although  many 
of  the  wild  animals  have  been  driven  out 
by  the  advance  of  civilization.  The  early 
explorers  were  attracted  to  the  forests  and 
marshes  in  their  search  for  furs.  The  fur- 
bearing  animals  have  almost  all  disappeared, 
while  the  wolf,  black  bear,  and  fox  are  still 
seen  only  occasionally.  Deer  in  large  num- 
bers are  found  in  the  northern  counties. 
Waterfowl  of  all  kinds  are  abundant  in  the 
lakes,  while  fishing  in  the  streams,  in  the 
smaller  lakes,  and  in  Lake  Superior  yields 
abundance  of  sport  and  profit.  Wisconsin 
has  long  been  interested  in  maintaining  and 
increasing  desirable  food  fish  in  its  waters. 
This  work  is  carried  on  through  a  State 
Fish  Commission  and  each  year  increasing 


Fig.  16.     A  view  in  the  Dalles  of  the  Wisconsin, 
the  beauty  of  its  scenery. 


A  region  famous  for 


i6 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


numbers  of  brook,  rainbow,  and  lake  trout, 
pike,  bass,  and  whitefish  are  sent  from  the 
five  hatcheries  (Fig.  i8)  to  be  planted  in  the 
waters  of  inland  lakes  and  streams  and  in 
those  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

Wild  rice  flourishes  in  the  greatest  abun- 
dance in  the  marshes  and  along  the  lakes, 


"^^^4'  i*^    "j^'jfe"""'"  ■^^'W 

Fig.   17.      On  the  shore  of  Oconomowoc  Lake  in  the 
famous  lake  region  of  Waukesha  County. 

and  forms  no  inconsiderable  part  of  the  food 
of  the  Indians.  Grasses  cover  the  open 
areas  of  the  northern  counties  where  the 
forests  have  been  cut  away.  Berries  and 
nuts  grow  wild  in  all  parts  of  the  state  and 
are  a  source  of  considerable  profit. 

Native    Peoples.     The    early    settlers   had 
many  serious  encounters  with  the  Indians. 


Fig.   19.     .i  fi)ie  view  oj  Lake  Geneva.     This  is  one 

of  the  most  beautiful  sheets  of  water 

found  in  Wisconsin. 

Tlie  principal  native  tribes  of  the  region 
were  the  Pottawottomies,  who  occupied  the 
islands  about  Green  Bay,  the  Menominees 
grouped  around  the  mouth  of  the  river  that 
bears  their  name,  the  Winnebagoes  at  the 
head  of  the  bay,  the  Mascoutens,  the  warlike 
Sacs  and  Foxes  along  the  shores  of  the  Fox 
River,  the  Chippewas  grouped  about  the 
shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  the  Kickapoos 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state,  with 
hostile  bands  of  Sioux  from  beyond  the  Mis- 
sissippi constantly  oppressing  them.  The  dif- 
ficulties between  the  races  which  had  existed 
from  early  times  culminated  in  the  Black 
Hawk  War  in  1832.    (Fig.  21.)    Black  Hawk 


Fig.  18.     The  State  Fish  Hatchery  near  the  shore  of  Chequamegon  Bay.  Bayfield.      The  fish  ponds  and  hatchery 
buildings  are  seen  in  the  foreground  and  beyond  the  bay  is  Madeline  Island,  the  largest 
of  the  beautiful  islands  that  form  the  Apostle  group. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


(Fig.  20),  the  chief  of  the  Sacs, 
who  had  been  driven  out  of  the 
territory,  returned  with  his 
warriors;  a  bloody  war  fol- 
lowed, during  which  the  power 
of  the  Indians  was  broken  for- 
ever within  the  limits  of  the 
present  state  of  Wisconsin. 

Early  History.  For  many 
years  after  the  discovery  of 
America,  the  Indians  wandered 
over  the  territory  now  included 
in  Wisconsin,  securing  a  living 
from  the  forests,  waters,  and 
soil.  Their  long  occupation  of 
the  land  is  told  by  the  mounds 
they  built  and  the  rude  pictures 
and  characters  they  carved 
upon  the  rocks.  No  state  is 
richer  in  remains  of  prehistoric 
peoples  than  is  Wisconsin,  which  has  yielded 
many  treasures  to  students  of  ethnology. 
E\'entually  the  French  established  them- 
selves in  Canada  and  spread  slowly  toward 
the  great  rivers  in  the  heart  of  the  country. 

The  first  white  man  to  visit  the  present 
state  of  Wisconsin  was  Jean  Nicolet,  a  French 
explorer,  sent  by  Champlain.  In  1634  Nico- 
let (Fig.  23)  entered  Lake  Michigan  through 
the  Strait  of  Mackinac,  skirted  the  northern 
shore  of  the  lake, 
then  floated  down 
its  great  arm. 
Green  Bay.  On 
Wisconsin  soil, 
^vhere  the  Menom- 
inee enters  the  bay, 
Nicolet  found  a 
settlement  of  Me- 
nominee Indians, 
and  a  little  farther 
on  came  to  the 
country  of  the 
W  i  n  n  e  b  a  g  o  e  s  . 
Reaching   Fox 


From  a  nih<«raph  portrait  in  MtKenny'B  "Hietory  of  the  loitiBD 
Tribes  cf  North  America"  and  repriiduce'l  by  peruiiesbn  of  the 
Chicago  Historical  tiociety. 

Fig.  20.  Black  Hawk,  a  fanipus  chief 

of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  born  in 

Kaskaskia.  III.,  i~66.  died 

in  Iowa,  iS'tS. 


Fu',.    21.      Battle   llollnw   near   Victory,  where   Black    Hawk  was 

defeated.     Abraham  Lincoln,  Jefferson  Davis,  and  Zachary 

Taylor  were  all  officers  in  the  Black  Hawk  War. 


River,  he  followed  that  stream 
until  it  widened  into  Lake  Win- 
nebago, where  he  came  to  the 
site  of  the  present  city  of  Osh- 
kosh,  and  then  to  a  village  of 
the  Mascouten  Indians. 

Later,  1 658-1 659,  came  two 
fur  traders,  Radisson  and  Gro- 
seilliers.  Following  Nicolet's 
path,  they  moved  up  Green 
Bay  and  the  Fox  River,  port- 
aged across  to  the  Wisconsin 
River  near  the  present  city  of 
Portage,  and  followed  the  Wis- 
consin, it  is  said,  down  to  the 
Mississippi.  This  route  from 
Canada  to  the  Mississippi, 
known  as  the  Fox-Wisconsin 
route,  became  one  of  the  most 
famous  of  American  water 
ways,  and  was  used  by  the  French  for  more 
than  a  century.  In  1661  Radisson  and  Grn- 
seilliers  built  a  stockade  on  the  southern 
shore  of  Lake  Superior  near  Ashland.  x\ 
little  later  Nicholas  Perrot  built  rude  forts 
on  Lake  Pepin  and  near  the  present  site  of 
Prairie  du  Chien.  Perrot  discovered  the  lead 
mines  in  southwestern  Wisconsin,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  picturesque  figures  in  the 
exploration  of  this  region.  Thus  the  wilder- 
ness which  is  now 
Wisconsin  was 
opened  up  for 
missionaries  and 
traders.  (Fig.  23.) 
The  situation  of 
the  water  ways  of 
Wisconsin  was 
most  fortunate  for 
the  early  explorers. 
By  means  of  the 
Fox  -  Wisconsin 
route  they  could 
easily  reach  the 
Mississippi  River 


i8 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


then,  traverse  the  St.  Croix  and 
Chippewa  rivers  of  Wisconsin, 
reach  the  thousand  lakes  of 
IMinnesota,  or  go  down  the 
ilississippi  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Along  this  route  came 
Allouez,  who,  1665-71,  built 
the  first  French  missions  in 
Wisconsin,  and  later,  1673, 
Joliet  and  Marquette.  (Fig. 
22.)  Settlements  followed  these 
explorations,  and  the  French, 
sometimes  helped  by  the  Eng- 
lish, though  often  severely  har- 
assed by  them,  held  nominal 
possession  of  the  country  until 
1763,  when,  with  all  the  other 
possessions  of  France  in  Amer- 
ica, this  region  was  ceded  to 
the  English.  Permanent  set- 
tlements, such  as  Green  Bay,  Prairie  du 
Chien,  Milwaukee,  and  Portage  were  now 
foiTned  in  se^'eral  parts  of  the  state.  These 
posts  flourished  under  the  rule  of  the  Eng- 
lish, which  terminated 
legally  in  1783  but  not 
literally  until  after 
1812. 

Until  created  a  ter- 
ritory in  1836,  Wis- 
consin formed,  first  a 
part  of  the  Northwest 
Territory,  then  of  the 
territories  of  Indiana, 
Illinois,  and  Michigan. 
In  1848  it  was  admit- 
ted into  the  Union  as 
a  state. 

Settlement.  The 
first  visitors  and 
settlers  to  the  region 
were  French,  the  few 
settlements  planted 
between  1764  and 
1790  all  owing  their 


From  an  old  painting  ai^eA  R.  RooB.  1669,  dlacoTered 
at  Montreal,  ISOT. 

Fig.   22.     Pere   Marquette,    French 
Jesuit  missionary  and  explorer. 
One  of  the  most  noted  pio- 
neers of  Xeiv  France. 


Fig.  23.     TIte  earliest  explorations  and  settlemenrs 
in   Wisconsin. 


begitmings  to  the  French  Jiab- 
itants,  as  the  pioneers  were 
called.  As  fur  trading  long 
remained  the  chief  business' 
of  the  country,  conditions 
changed  slowly.  In  1822  the 
lead  mines  in  the  southwestern 
section  began  to  attract  atten- 
tion, and  am.ong  others  who 
came  in  were  people  from 
the  Southern  states  who 
brought  with  them  their 
slaves.  In  1828,  the  lands 
having  been  bought  fromi  the 
Indians,  people  in  great  num- 
bers poured  into  the  region. 
After  the  close  of  the  Black 
Hawk  War  settlers  began  to 
come  in  from  the  farming  dis- 
tricts of  New  England  and  New 
York,  and  from  states  farther  west.  With 
their  coming  Wisconsin  became  Americanized 
rapidly. 

About  1840  a  large  colony  of  Germans 
arrived  at  Mihvaukee. 
Since  that  time  the 
population  of  the  state 
has  been  increased 
by  immigration  from 
other  parts  of  the 
United  States  (Fig. 
t?i2  3)  as  well  as  from 
Germany,  Poland, 
Norway,  Sweden, 
Denmark,  and  Canada 
and  other  foreign 
countries.  (Fig.  61.) 
The  immigrants  from 
these  countries  have 
proved  intelligent,  in- 
dustrious, law-abiding, 
and  progressive,  and 
have  contributed 
largely  to  the  develop- 
ment of  Wisconsin. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


19 


Fig.  24.     The  value  of  farm  products  per  square  mile, 
census  of  iQoo 

Agriculture.  The  fertile  soils,  the  abun-  , 
dant  and  well-distributed  rainfall,  the  tem- 
perate climate,  and  the  comparatively  level, 
well-drained  surface  confbine  to  give  Wis- 
consin high  rank  as  an  agricultural  state. 
(Fig.  29.)  The  limestone  in  the  southern 
part  underlies  a  soil  that  is  exceedingly  fer- 
tile and  favorable  to  the  growth  of  all  kinds 
of  agricultural  products. 

By  far  the  most  important  product  is  oats. 
In  1905,  2,500,000  acres  were  devoted  to 
the  crop  and  98,500,000  bushels  were  raised. 
(Fig.  25.)  Among  the  states  Wisconsin 
ranked  third  in  production,  only  Illinois  and 
Iowa  exceeding  it.  An  excellent  quality  of 
corn  (Fig.  27)  is  produced,  and  in  value  the 
crop  stands  second  to  that  of  oats.  While 
raising  55,000,000  bushels  in  1905,  the  state 
ranked  thirteenth  among  the  corn  states. 
Our  state  is  fourth  among  barley-producing 
states,  standing  below  Minnesota,  California, 
and  North  Dakota.  It  raises  more  rye  (Fig. 
26)  than  any  other  state  in  the  Union  ex- 
cept Pennsylvania.     In  Wisconsin  the  yield 


of  wheat  is  unimportant,  the  state  standing 
twenty-third.  With  a  crop  of  439,000  bushels 
it  comes  sixth  in  production  of  buckwheat. 

In  the  total  production  of  cereals  Wisconsin 
ranks  ninth  among  the  states,  notwith- 
standing the  fact  that  nearly  one-half  of  the 
state  is  not  yet  recovered  from  the  prime- 
val forest.  The  value  of  the  yield  was  nearly 
$50,000,000,  or  considerably  more  than  one- 
half  that  of  the  entire  crop  value  of  the  state. 
(Fig.  24.) 

In  other  profitable  crops  the  state  also 
makes  a  good  showing.  Great  quantities 
of  excellent  potatoes  (Fig.  28)  are  raised. 
While  exceeded  by  New  York,  the  state 
rivals  Pennsylvania,  Maine,  and  Michigan  for 
second  place.  A  large  part  of  the  crop  is 
sold  out  of  the  state,  anrl  much  of  it  is 
manufactured  into  starch.  In  1905,  Port- 
age County  witli  3,220,000  bushels,  or  more 
than  one-tenth  of  the  total  crop,  had  the 
largest  yield;  but  AA''aushara  and  W^aupaca 
counties,  rivals  for  second  place,  had  larger 
yields  per  square  mile. 


Fig.  25.     The  production  of  oats  per  square  mile, 
census  of  iQoo. 


30 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


About  330,000  bushels  of  onions  were 
grown  in  1900,  Brown  and  ililwavikee 
counties  leading  with  more  than  one-half 
the  total  crop  to  their  credit.  Peas  and 
beans  are  grown  abundantly;  and  in  the 
same  year  the  state  ranked  fourtli  in  pro- 
duction of  peas,  raising  1,098,000  bushels, 
and  stood  fifth  in  beans.  Sugar  beets  (Fig. 
30)  flourish  and  increasing  areas  are  devoted 
to  the  culture  of  beet  root.  Wisconsin  now 
ranks  sixth  among  the  states  producing  beet 


^f^.'M  lus'iKla  per  aq.,Tn.  and 


Fig.  26.     Tlie  production  of  rye  per  square  mile, 
census  of  igoo. 

sugar.  ]\Iaple  sugar  and  sirup,  honey,  and 
sorghum  are  some  of  the  minor  products  of 
Wisconsin. 

Both  soil  and  climate  are  preeminently 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  grasses  and  forage 
crops.  About  2,000,000  acres  are  devoted 
to  grass,  the  yield  of  hay  being  more  than 
3,000,000  tons.      (Figs.  31  and  32.) 

Wisconsin  is  one  of  the  leading  tobacco- 
producing  states  of  the  Union.  Its  crop  of 
53,800,000  pounds  in  1905  entitled  it  to 
sixth  place.     Dane  and  Rock  counties  have 


Fig, 


.4  Wisconsin  cornfield.     Here  pumpkins  have 
been  s.roii'n  bciTjcecn  the  corn  ro'a.'s. 


about  three-fourths  of  the  state's  tobacco 
acreage  and  produce  about  three-fourths  of 
the  total  amount  raised.  Dane  County,  how- 
ever, is  by  far  the  larger  producer.  (Fig.  2,2,-) 
All  varieties  of  hardy  fruits  flourish  in  this 
lake-tempered  climate.  While  an  annual 
yield  of  more  than  1,000,000  bushels  of 
apples,  26,000  bushels  of  cherries,  and  12,000 


Less  than  2^0  bushels  per  square  mitt 
'2J0  to  1,000  bushels  per  square  tllile 
iifOoo  to  3,000  bushels  per  square  mile 
Ij.ooo  to  4,000  bushels  per  square  mile 
and  aver 


Fig.  28.     The  yield  of  potatoes  per  square  mile, 
eensHS  of  iQo^. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


21 


Ail  occupatictts 

Agriculture 

Mauji/actures  _ 
Domestic  and 

perscfuil  sci-i'i 

7  tduiporiaticn 

and  trade 


Fig.   29.     Proportion  of  persons 
engaged  in  each  class  of  occu- 
pation in  Wisconsin, 
census  of  igoo. 


rrc/esiicnal  service  . 

Mining 

Fisliing 

bushels  of  plums  make  a  valuable  addition  to 
the  farm  crops,  the  most  satisfactory  results 
are  obtained  from  the  cultivation  of  small 
fruits.  Grapes  yield  annually  about  570,000 
pounds,  raspberries  more  than  2,000,000 
quarts,    strawberries    7,000,000    quarts,    and 


»«  <^^*. 


.•L^iit**INIii#^ 


r^^'^. 


Fig.  30.     .-1  field  of  sugar  beets  near  Janesville. 

currants  1,000,000  quarts.  Wisconsin  is  one 
of  the  three  states  in  which  cranberries  are 
produced  in  commercial  quantities.  While 
60  per  cent  of  the  cranberry 
crop  is  grown  in  Massachusetts, 
Wisconsin  produces  about  iii,- 
000  bushels  a  year,  or  a  little 
more  than  one-tenth  of  the 
total  crop. 

Live  Stock.  Grazing  of  ex- 
cellent quality  is  afforded  by 
the  fine  grass,  and  in  the  rais- 
ing of  live  stock  Wisconsin 
ranks  high.  In  1900,  the  value 
of  live  stock  in  the  state  was 
very  nearly  $100,000,000.  In 
this  year  there  were  more  than 


Fig.  32.     The  production  of  hay  and  forage  per  square 
mile,  census  of  igoo. 

2,000,000  cattle  (Fig.  34)  in  the  state,  the 
total  value  being  nearly  $47,000,000.  Of 
this  great  number  many  were  slaughtered 
at  the  local  markets  and  at  Chicago. 

The  raising  of  sheep  has  contributed 
much  to  the  prosperity  of  Wisconsin,  many 
localities  being  especially  adapted  to  the 
industry.  The  sale  of  wool  brings  to  the 
state  about  $1,500,000  annually. 

Because     of    the    excellent    grass    lands 


Fig.  31.     Harvesting  hay  in  Douglas  County,  northern  W isconsin. 


22 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


'j,000  to  15.000  lbs. p.  sq.  m.  and  over 


Fig.  33.     The  yield  of  tobacco  per  square  mile, 
census  of  iQoo. 

dairying  (Fig.  48)  has  become  a  great  and 
growing  industry.  Among  the  industries  of 
the  state  dairying,  in  igoo,  held  fourth  place; 
in  1905,  it  advanced  to  second  place.  Few 
states  have  as  many  fine  dairy  cows  as  has 
Wisconsin.  With  1,032,000  milch  cows  it 
ranked  fourth,  in  1900,  among  the  dairy 
states,  being  surpassed  in  number  only  by 
New  York,  Iowa,  and  Illinois.  In  the  same 
year  nearly  500,000,000  gallons  of  milk  were 
produced,  only  three  states.  New  York,  Iowa, 
and  Pennsylvania,  exceeding  this  production. 
While  a  large  part  of  the  product  went  to 
the  markets  of  Milwaukee  and  Chicago  to  be 
used  as  fresh  milk  and  more  than  260,000,000 
gallons  of  milk  and  cream  went  from  the 
farm  to  factories  to  be  manufactured  into 
butter,  cheese,  and  condensed  milk,  nearly 
35,000,000  pounds  of  butter  were  made  on 
farms.  The  milk  product  of  the  state  in 
1905  was  about  600,000,000  gallons. 

In  1900,  Wisconsin  had  about  8,500,000 
fowls  of  all  kinds  and  produced  46,000,000 
dozens  of  eggs. 


Bees  are  raised  on  miany  farms  and  honey 
is  an  important  minor  product.  Wisconsin 
produces  annually  about  3,000,000  pounds  of 
honey,  which  has  a  market  value  of  $275,000. 

Minerals  and  Mining.  The  mineral  resour- 
ces of  Wisconsin  are  of  great  value  and 
have  played  a  most  important  part  in 
the  development  of  the  state.  (Fig.  37.) 
The  iron  districts  found  in  the  outskirts  of 
the  Wisconsin  Island — only  a  small  part  of 
which,  however,  lie  within  the  boundaries  of 
Wisconsin — are  among  the  richest  and  most 
valuable  known.  They  have  furnished  mil- 
lions of  tons  of  iron  ore  to  the  markets  of  the 
world.  The  most  importfint  iron-producing 
districts  are  the  Penokee-Gogebic  Range  (Fig. 
37),  with  its  shipping  port  at  Ashland;  the 
Menominee  district,  shipping  point  Menom- 
inee, ilich.;  and  the  Baraboo  district,  opened 
recently.  As  much  of  the  iron  ore  of  the 
Mesabi  Range,  in  Minnesota,  is  shipped  from 
the  mammoth  ore  docks  at  Superior,  that 
district  contributes  not  a  little  to  the  com- 
mercial advancement  of  Wisconsin.    In  1905, 


Fig.  34.     Tlie  number  of  cattle  per  square  mile, 
census  of  jQoo. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


23 


Wisconsin  mined  859,200  tons  of  iron  ore 
(Fig.  35),  a  gain  of  78  per  cent  over  the  out- 
put of  the  year  before.  While  this  output 
gives  it  fifth  place  among  iron-producing 
states  it  is  in  no  comparison  with  that  of 
Minnesota  and  Michigan,  which  stand  first 
and  second,  and  is  even  less  than  one-third 
that  of  Alabama,  third  in  rank. 

Zinc  and  lead  are  mined  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Wisconsin,  and  the  industry, 
as  recently  developed,  is  a  most  important 
source  of  revenue  to  the  state.     These  lead 


Fig.  35.     An   iron   mine  near  Hurley.     Here  is  sliozvji 

the  shajt  lioiisc  and   near  by  the  stock 

pile  oj  iron  ore. 

mines,  first  worked  in  1685  by  Perrot,  the 
French  explorer,  had  been  abandoned  or 
had  been  worked  only  in  a  small  way  since 
i860  until  within  the  last  few 
years.  Recently  in  this  sec- 
tion, mining,  especially  that  of 
zinc  (Fig.  36),  has  made  tre- 
mendous strides  forward.  The 
Wisconsin  zinc  ore  is  shipped 
largely  to  the  smelters  of  Illi- 
nois for  reduction. 

While  copper  deposits  are 
found  in  the  vicinity  of  Supe- 
rior and  Ashland,  copper  is  not 
mined. 

There  are  valuable  deposits 
of  graphite  near  Junction  Citv, 
and  the  product  is  mined  and 
manufactured  into  paints  and 
lubricators. 


Fig.  37.     The  distribution  of  minerals  in  Wisconsin. 

No  coal  is  found  in  Wisconsin,  but  owing 
to  the  fact  that  all  parts  of  the  state  are 
accessible  to  the  harbors  of  the  Great  Lakes, 
coal  from  the  Pennsylvania  fields  may  be 
obtained  at  cheaper  rates  than  in  many 
places  nearer  the  coal  fields. 

Clay  of  excellent  quality  suitable  for  the 


Fig. 


Vieiv  OJ  a  zinc  mine  in  the  great  zinc  and  lead  district 
oj  southwestern   Wisconsin. 


24 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


manufacture  of  brick  and  tile  is  widely  dis- 
tributed over  the  state.  In  1900  it  yielded 
a  product  valued  at  $1,800,000. 

Building  stone  of  high  quality  is  found  and 
quarried  in  many  parts  of  the  state.  Granite 
(Fig.  38)  is  found  in  the  Old  Wisconsin  Isle, 
sandstone  in  the  region  of  Lake  Superior, 
Lake  Michigan,  and  the  Potsdam  area  south 
of  Isle  Wisconsin,  while  limestone  (Fig.  39) 
is  quarried  in  the  southern  counties. 

Manufacturing.  In  recent  years  the  man- 
ufacturing interests  of  Wisconsin  have  had 
a  remarkable  growth.  (Figs.  41  and  49.) 
This  is  due,  not  only  to  the  great  supply  of 


Fig.  38.     View  of  a  portion  of  a  great  granite  quarry  in 

raw  materials  near  at  hand,  but  also  to  the 
valuable  water  power  afforded  by  the  Wis- 
consin (Fig.  43),  ^lenominee,  Fox  (Fig.  42), 
Chippewa  (Fig.  9),  and  Rock  rivers,  and  to 
the  remarkably  easy  access  to  the  markets  of 
the  eastern  and  middle  states.  Especially  in 
the  valley  of  the  Fox  have  manufactures 
been  encouraged  because  of  the  abundant 
water  power  afforded  by  the  river.  This 
power  has  been  largely  utilized  by  numerous 
mills  and  factories  that  have  sprung  up  all 
along  the  shores  of  the  river. 

All  of  the  middle  and  northern  sections 
of   the   state  .were   once   covered   with   rich 


Cnurttsy  of  A.  L,  Story. 

Fig.  39.     i^cenc  at  a  great  limestone  quarry  near 
Waiiwatosa. 

forests,  hence  lumbering  has  been  and  still 
_  remains   the  largest  and  most 

M^HHH    important  industrj^  in  the  state. 
U  In  1900,  nearly  22,000  people 

were  engaged  in  this  industry, 
the  total  output  being  valued  at 
$57,000,000.  (Fig.  44.)  Wiscon- 
sin ranks  second  in  the  produc- 
tion of  lumber,  and  in  many 
cities  the  manufacturing  of  fur- 
niture and  the  turning  out  of 
planing-mill  products  have  be- 
come thriving  industries,  the 
value  of  the  combined  output 
being  more  than  $22,000,000  in 
1905.  This  amount  was  about 
c..««yofw.A..,„b.,s.  equally  divided  between  the 
Marinette  County,     factories  and  the  mills. 

Fine  water  power  (Fig.  40)  and  excellent 


iSqo. 
iSSo- 


3                10 

20 

30 

4" 

S" 

bo 

70 

.So 

90 

100 

• 

1 

1 

^^ 

Fig.  40. 


The  amount  of  water  power  (i,ooo  horsepower) 
used  in  manufactures  in  Wisconsin. 


jgoo 

iSqo 

iSSo 

iSyo 

/*o 

iSso 


Fig.  41.     The  growth  of  manu- 
factures in  Wisconsin  in  mil' 
lions  of  dollars  at  each 
Federal  census. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


25 


facilities  for  shipping 
have  resulted  in  the 
establishment  of  flour- 
ishing flouring  and 
grist-mill  industries. 
In  1905,  the  aggregate 
value  of  the  products 
of  all  these  establish- 
ments was  more  than 
$28,000,000. 

In  Wisconsin  dairy- 
ing is  the  second  in- 
dustry in  importance, 
and  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  dairy  products 
(Fig.  47)  the  state 
stands  second  only  to 
New  York  among  dairy 
states.  In  1905,  Wis- 
consin led  all  others  in 
production  of  butter 
(Fig.  45),  stood  second 
in  the  making  of  cheese 
(Fig.  46),  and  fifth  in 
amount  of  condensed 
milk  turned  out.  The  total  amount  of  but- 
ter produced  was  123,025,000  pounds  and  of 
this  88,000,000  pounds  were  turned  out  of 
factories;  the  cheese  product  was  111,880,- 
000  pounds  and  less  than  2,000,000  repre- 


FlG.  42. 


sented    that   made   on 
farms.     In  the  same 
year  about  11,500,000 
pounds    of    condensed 
milk  was  manufac- 
tured, or  more  than 
three  times  the  amount 
made  in  1900.     As  the 
northern  part  of  the 
state  is  preeminently  a 
dairy  region.,  with  the 
development  of  this 
section  this  industry 
is  increasing  rapidly. 
The  extensive  for- 
ests of  hemlock  in  the 
upper  Fox  River  basin 
have  favored  the  tan- 
ning of  leather,  which 
has  become  a  flourish- 
ing industry.     This  in- 
dustry usually  yields 
an  annual   product 
valued  at  more  than 
$20,000,000,  and  gives 
Wisconsin  third  place   in   the   country.     A 
large  and  growing  business  has   sprung  up 
in  the  making  of  leather  gloves.     Only  New 
York  surpasses  Wisconsin  in  this  industr\^ 
Wood  pulp,  used  in  the  manufacture  of 


WATER  POWER 

ON  THE  FOX  KlVliK 

Location  of  Locks 

Scale 
0  5  10 

13  StntttteMiUi 


The  development  of  water  power  on  the 
Fox  River. 


Fig.  43.     The  Wisconsin  River  at  Grand  Rapids.     .A  viciu  nf  one  of  the  largest  paper  mills  in  the  state, 
of  the  building  may  be  seen  the  dam  that  furnishes  tlw  power  for  the  plant. 


At  the  right 


26 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


I  ?l,0O0  (o  SL'.SOO  "' 

I  ^-,M>  p.  eq.  m.  and  over 


Fig.  ^4.     The  value  of  lumber  and  timber  products  per 
square  mile,  census  of  iQoo. 

paper,  is  also  produced  in  great  quantities, 
the  output  in  1905  reaching  a  value  of  more 
than  $17,000,000.  This  shows  an  increase 
of  nearly  65  per  cent  in  five  years. 

The  extensive  raising  of  live  stock  in 
Wisconsin  has  led  to  the  establishment  of 
large  slaughter  houses.  Eleven  well-equipped 
plants  exist  in  the  state,  with  a  total  product 
in  a  single  year  valued  at  $13,000,000. 


30     35     40      45     5°    55    bo     65     7°     75   So 


JQOO 

iS^  — 
J«5b__ 
!Sfo-- 
iSto^- 
'tSso_  _ 

*iqoo  _  _ 

aSqo 

lSSo__ 
1S70.  _ 


1        1        '        1                '        i        1        1        1        '       1 

i    i    ■   i 

Fig.  45.     The  production  of  butter 
^j                                   pounds,  i8jo-igoo. 

'                 ,                '                                '                                '                                '                                1 

1                                                            ,        I 

]           1          : 

1          I 

1 

•  1 
1 
1 

*        I 

Fig.  46.     The  production  of  cheese  in 

Wisconsin  in  millions  of 

pounds,  i8§o-igoo. 

"While  the  larger  part  of  the  iron  ore  mined 
in  the  state  is  shipped  down  the  lakes,  there 
are  four  blast  furnaces  for  the  manufacture 
of  iron  (Fig.  86),  and  the  state  ranks  high  in 
the  manufacture  of  iron  machinery.  The  out- 
put of  foundr}'  and  machine-shop  products 
makes  that  the  third  industry  in  the  state. 
The  development  of  the  West  and  the  South- 
west has  brought  about  a  great  demand  for 
agricultural  machinery,  of  which  Wisconsin 
has  produced  a  large  share.  Its  annual  out- 
put is  valued  at  about  $10,000,000,  and  is 
exceeded  only  by  that  of  Illinois,  Ohio,  and 
New  York.  The  larger  part  of  the  zinc  ore 
is  shipped  to  mills  outside  the  state,  but 
zinc  works  are  in  operation  at  Mineral  Point. 
Here  also  high  grade  sulphuric  acid  is  pro- 
duced from  the  fumes  of  roasting  ores.  This 
acid  is  used  in  the  making  of  paper. 

The  large  yield  of  barley  and  the  manu- 
facture of  malt  led  to  an  extensive  produc- 
tion of  malt  liquors.  The  output  in  1905  was 
worth  more  than  $28,000,000.  In  impor- 
tance it  is  the  fourth  industry  in  the  state. 


Fig.  47.     The  locations  of  the  principal  cheese  and  butter 
factories  in  Wisconsin. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


27 


Fig.  48.     Scene  in   the  Dairy  Building,    University  of 
]Visconsin.     Tlic  students  arc  making  cheese. 

The  local  production  of  large  quantities  of 
sugar  beets  and  tobacco  makes  the  manufac- 
turing of  beet  sugar  and  of  tobacco  products 
important  industries.  In  1904,  the  output 
of  granulated  sugar  was  27,000,000  pounds, 
and  nearly  6,000,000  pounds  of  tobacco  was 
manufactured  into  cigars,  cigarettes,  and 
chewing  tobacco. 

The  large  deposits  of  limestone  encourage 


the  manufacture  of  lime,  of  which  Wisconsin 
produces  more  than  200,000  tons  annually, 
being  exceeded  in  this  output  by  Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohio,  and  Maine. 

Transportation.  Wisconsin  is  bountifully 
supplied  with  transportation  routes,  both 
water  and  rail.  Along  the  western  bound- 
ary  extend    200    miles    of    navigable   rivers, 


Fig.  49.     The  value  of  manufactured  products  per  square 
mile,  census  of  igoo. 


Fig,  50.    Interior  view  of  a  wagon  works  at  Racine.    Here 
the  liubs  and  spokes  for  the  wheels  are  being  manu- 
factured.     Notice  the  stack  of  wheels  at 
the  right  ready  for  the  tires. 

while  the  Great  Lakes  on  the  north  and 
east  are  important  parts  of  the  world's 
most  famous  inland  transportation  route. 
Over  their  waters  thousands  of  vessels  ply 
each  year,  carrying  the  products  of  the  fields, 
forests,  and  mines  of  the  West  to  the  con- 
sumer in  the  East,  and  returning  laden  with 
manufactured  articles  from  the  factories, 
and  coal  from  the  mines  of  the  East  for 
the  consumers  in  the  great  West. 

Harbors  have  been  developed  at  the  mouth 
of  every  important  stream  flowing  into 
Lake  Michigan  or  Lake  Superior.  (Fig.  55.) 
Through  these  ports  millions  of  tons  of  freight 
are  received  and  sent  out  annually.  Chief 
among  these  is  the  city  of  Superior,  at  the 
head  of  navigation  on  Lake  Superior,  and 
having  one  of  the  finest  natural  harbors  in 
the  world.  (Fig.  55.)  This  harbor  is 
formed  by  two  series  of  sand  bars  that  have 
been  thrown  across  the  lake  by  the  waves,' 
making  two  bays.  These  bays  give  forty- 
nine  miles  of  protected  coast  line.     In  this 


2  a 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


Fig.  51.     A  vieiv  of  the  interior  of  a  great  machine  shop 
at  Milwaukee. 

harbor  more  than  18,000,000 
tons  of  freight  are  handled  each 
year,  and  of  this  more  than  one- 
half  is  handled  at  the  docks 
at  Superior.  (Fig.  56.)  More 
freight  is  handled  in  the  Duluth- 
Superior  Harbor  than  any  other 
inland  harbor  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  claimed  that  from 
records  of  the  seacoast  cities, 
which,  however,  include  only 
foreign  commerce,  this  harbor 
at  the  head  of  the  lakes  is  shown 
to  rank  third  in  America  in  the 
amount  of  traffic  by  water. 

The  quantity  of  freight  passing  from  Lake 


Superior  through  the  canal  at  Sault  Ste.  ]Marie 
exceeds  35,000,000  tons  annually,  or  is  more 
than  twice  as  much  as  passed  through  the 
Suez  Canal  in  1900.  This  fact  proves  con- 
clusively that  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  St. 
Lawrence  form  by  far  the  most  important 
inland  water  way  in  the  world. 

The  rivers  of  the  state  also  afford  trans- 
portation routes  of  great  value.  Ever;/  year 
millions  of  feet  of  logs  and  lumber  are  rafted 
(Figs.  52  and  53)  down  the  rivers  of  northern 
Wisconsin,  and  hundreds  of  miles  of  these 
rivers  are  navigable  for  boats  of  considerable 
size.  In  the  early  days,  rivers  were  used 
constantly  by  boats;  and  the  United  States 


•    •    •  •  iiiifrrt  iliiiBliTiir  •" 7 


Fir,.    53.     Transporting  railroad  ties  down  the  streams 
of  northern  Wisconsin. 


Fig.    52.     On   the  Mississippi  River  looking  southwest  from  La  Crosse. 

Xear  the  shore  may  be  seen  the  first  "string"  to  which  the  rafter 

is  preparing  to  tic  the  second  "string."     Then  it  will 

push  the  whole  down  stream 

Government,  at  great  expense,  provided  locks 
and  canals  to  make  the  Fox- Wisconsin  route 
from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Mississippi  River 
navigable  for  vessels.  To-day  these  rivers, 
which  played  so  important  a  part  in  the 
industrial  development  of  the  state,  are 
comparatively  little  used. 

Railroads  reach  almost  every  portion  of 
the  middle  and  southern  parts  of  the  state, 
and  are  rapidly  extending  their  lines  over  the 
northern  part.  ^lilwaukee  is  the  meeting 
place  of  many  important  lines  from  the  west 
and  south,  while  Superior  (Fig.  54)  is  the 
terminus  of  several  lines  of  road  that  extend 
from  the  Pacific  coast.     In  1906,  Wisconsin 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


29 


Fig.  54 .     A  view  of  the  railroad  yards  at  Superior. 

Here  may  often  be  seen  four  thousand  cars 

loaded  with  wliea,  ready  for  shipment. 

had  7,000  miles  of  railroads  with  combined 
gross  earnings  of  nearly  $50,000,000. 

Government.  The 
act  authorizing  Wis- 
consin to  form  a  state 
constitution  was 
passed  by  Congress  in 
August,  1846.  The 
constitution  framed 
by  the  first  constitu- 
tional convention  was 
rejected  by  the  people, 
but  on  May  13,  1848, 
a  constitution  was 
adopted,  which,  with 
sixteen  amendments, 
still  remains  in  force. 

The    legislative    de- 


in  odd-numbered  years.  Special  sessions 
may  be  called  by  the  Governor  at  any  time. 
The  executive  department  of  the  state 
consists  of  a  Governor,  Lieutenant-governor, 
Secretary  of  State,  State  Treasurer,  and 
Attorney-general,  who  are  elected  in  Novem- 
ber of  the  even-numl'jered  years  and  serve 
two  years;  and  a  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  who  is  elected  in  April,  and 
whose  term  is  four  years. 

The  judicial  department  consists  of  a 
Supreme  Court  of  seven  judges  elected  by 
the  people  at  large,  and  Circuit  courts  pre- 
sided over  by  judges  elected  from  the  seven- 
teen districts  into  which  the  state  is  divided. 

The  Supreme  Court 
must  hold  at  least  one 
session  each  year  at 
the  capital,  and  the 
Circuit  courts  must 
hold  sessions  at  least 
twice  a  year  in  each 
county  within  a  judi- 
cial district.  Milwau- 
kee County  forms  a 
district  by  itself;  all 
other  circuits  contain 
three  or  more  counties. 
A  probate  judge, 
whose  term  is  two 
years,  and  justices  of 


partment  of  the  state  consists  of  a  Senate  of 
thirty-three  members  and  an  Assembly  of 
one  himdred  members  elected  by  the  quali- 
fied voters  of  their  respective  districts.  Bills 
may  originate  in  either  house.  By  passing 
both  houses  and  receiving  the  Governor's 
sanction  they  become  laws,  or,  if  vetoed  by 
the  Governor,  by  repassing  both  houses  by 
a  two-thirds  vote. 

Each  member  receives  for  each  regular 
session  five  hundred  dollars,  and  ten  cents 
per  mile  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the 
capital.  The  regular  meeting  begins  on 
Wednesday  after  the  first  Monday  in  January, 


Fig.   55.     The  harbor  of  Superior. 

the  peace  are  elected  by  voters  in  each  county 


Fig.   56.     The  ship  yards  at  Superior. 


3° 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


Fig.  57.     The  Congressional  districts  of  Wisconsin. 


The  officers  of  the  counties  are  a  sheriff, 
coroner,  registrar  of  deeds,  district  attorney, 
county  treasurer,  and  county  superintendent 
of  schools,  elected  by  the  people  for  terms  of 
two  years.  These  officers  are  responsible  to 
the  Governor  of  the  state,  and  the  sherifT  is 
not  eligible  for  reelection  to  succeed  himself. 
All  of  the  counties  are  divided  into  town- 
ships. For  the  purpose  of  collecting  taxes 
and  disbursing  funds  many  counties  have 
a  township  board  consisting  of  a  trustee,  a 


clerk,  and  a  treasurer.  Each  county  elects 
a  board  of  supervisors  which  is  entrusted 
with  the  levying  of  the  taxes  and  the  dis- 
bursing of  the  county  funds. 

The  state  sends  eleven  representatives  to 
the  lower  house  of  the  National  Congress. 
(Fig.  57.)  Wisconsin  had  a  population,  in 
1905,  of  2,228,949,  which  is  an  increase  since 
1890  of  nearly  23  per  cent.  This  included 
441,403  men  of  militia  age. 

The  State  Capitol  (Fig.  59)  is  at  Madison, 


Fig.  58. 


A  view  of  the   University  grounds  at  Madison  from  the 
dome  of  the  caPitol. 


Fig.  59.     The  State  Capitol  at  Madison. 

situated  between  the  beautiful  lakes  of  ilen- 
dota  (Fig.  11)  and  ]\Ionona.  The  capital  city 
is  also  the  home  of  the  State  Historical 
Library.  (Fig.  75.)  This  is  the  largest  and 
most  complete  library  in  the  ;\Iiddle  West 
and  the  most  complete  in  American  history 
west  of  the  city  of  New  York. 

Education.  Recognizing  that 
education  is  the  best  foundation 
for  intelligent  progress,  as  well 
as  for  good  citizenship,  Wiscon- 
sin early  provided  liberally  for 
free  education,  and  no  other 
state  has  a  more  complete  edu- 
cational system.  Free  public 
instruction,  established  in  1S48 
by  the  constitution,  has  come 
to  include  all  grades  from  the 
kindergarten  to  the  univer- 
sity.    In  1904,  six  and  one-half 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


31 


millions  of  dollars 
were  spent  for  public 
education  in  the  state. 

At  the  head  of  the 
educational  system 
stands  the  State  Uni- 
versity. It  is  located 
at  Madison,  on  the 
banks  of  Lake  Men- 
dota,  and  consists  of 
fifteen  buildings  val- 
ued at  two  millions  of 
dollars.  It  has  270  pro- 
fessors and  instructors, 
and  is  attended  annii- 
ally  by  about  4,000 
students.  The  equip- 
ment of  the  University 
in  all  departments  is 
most  complete. 

The  State  Agricul- 
tural College  and  Experiment  Station  (Fig. 
48)  is  a  part  of  the  State  University.  How- 
ever, it  is  partly  supported  and  controlled  by 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 
There  is  an  experimental  farm  in  connection 
with  the  college  which  affords  practical 
instruction   in   all    departments  of   farming. 


Wiscon 


As  an  outgrowth  of 
the  value  and  influence 
of  this  school,  the  legis- 
lature has  authorized 
the  establishment  of 
county  agricultural 
schools.  These  schools 
^9' are  designed  to  bring 
the  agricultural  insti- 
tution within  reach  of 
every  farmer.  Under 
this  act  two  schools, 
located  at  Wausau 
and  Menominee,  have 
been  opened. 

The  work  of  Horace 
Mann  for  normal 
schools  in  Massachu- 
setts was  not  with- 
out its  effect  on  the 
pioneers  of  Wisconsin. 
Through  their  efforts  provision  was  made  in 
the  state  in  1857  for  the  establishment  of 
normal  schools. 

However,  it  was  not  until  1866  that  the 
first  normal  school  in  Wisconsin  was  opened 
at  Platteville.  Since  then  normal  schools 
have  been  opened  at  Whitewater,  Oshkosh, 


educational  institutions  of 


THE  LEADING  EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS  OF  WISCONSIN 


COLLEGES  AND  UNIVERSITIES 
Lawrence  College,  M.  E.,  Appleton. 
Bcloit  College,   Non-sect.,   Beloit. 
University  of  Wisconsin,  State,  Madison. 
Milton  College,  Seventh  Day  Bapt.,  Milton. 
Concordia  College,  Luth.,  Milwaukee. 
Marquette  College,  R.  C  Milwaukee. 
Milwaukee     Academy,      Non-sect.,      Mil- 
waukee. 
S  Milwaukee-Downer      College,      Non-sect., 

Milwaukee. 
9  St.  Lawrence  College,  R.  C,  Mt.  Calvary. 

10  College  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  R.  C,  Prairie 

du    Chien. 

1 1  Ripon    College,    Non-sect.,    Ripon. 

12  Northwestern   Lfniversity,   Luth.,   Water- 

town. 

13  College    of    the    Sacred    Heart,     R.     C, 

Watertown. 

PUBLIC  NORMAL  SCHOOLS 

14  State  Normal  School,  La  Crosse. 


15  State    Normal   School,    Milwaukee. 

16  State    Normal    School,    Oshkosh. 

17  State    Normal    School.    Platteville. 

18  River  Falls  State   Normal   School.   River 

Falls. 

1 9  State  Normal  School,  Stevens  Point. 

20  Superior  State   Normal  School,  Superior. 

21  State  Normal  School,  Whitewater. 

COUNTY  TRAINING  SCHOOLS  FOR 
TEACHERS 

22  Buffalo  County  Training  School,  Alma. 

23  Langlade  County  Training  School,  Antigo. 

24  Eau  Claire  County  Training  School,  Eau 

Claire. 

25  Crawford  County  Training   School,  Gays 

Mills. 

26  Wood    County    Training    School,    Grand 

Rapids. 

27  Rusk     County     Training    School,    Lady- 

smith. 

28  Manitowoc  County  Training  School.  Mani- 

towoc. 


29  Marinette  County  Training  School,  Mari- 

nette. 

30  Dunn  County  Training  School,  Menomi- 

nee. 

31  Lincoln  County  Training  School,  Merrill. 

32  Green  County  Training  School,  Monroe. 
25  Waupaca   County   Training   School,    New 

London. 

34  Price  County  Training  School,  Phillips. 

3  5  Green     Lake     County     Training     School, 
Princeton. 

36  Barron    County    Training    School,     Rice 

Lake. 

37  Sauk    County    Training    School.    Reeds- 

burg. 

35  Richland  County  Training    School,  Rich- 

land Center. 

39  Polk  County  Training  School,   St.   Croix 

Falls. 

40  Vernon  County  Training  School,  Viroqua. 

41  Marathon  County  Training  School,  Wau- 

sau. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


River  Falls,  Milwaukee,  Stevens  Point,  and 
Superior,  and  provision  has  been  made  for 
one  at  La  Crosse.  In  these  schools  the  courses 
of  study  are  especially  adapted  to  the  prepa- 
ration of  teachers,  and  each  has  a  model,  or 
training  school,  in  which  the  theories  of 
teaching  are  practically  applied. 

The  state  has  always  been  mindful  of  the 
interests  of  the  rural  schools.  Since  the  nor- 
mal schools  could  not  supply  the  demand  for 
teachers  in  rural  districts,  county  training 
schools  (Fig.  60)  were  authorized,  and  sixteen 
counties  in  the  state  have  established,  and  a 
number  of  others  have  made.  pro\'ision  for, 
such  schools.  These  schools  and  the  county 
agricultural  schools  are  sup- 
ported by  state  and  county 
jointly. 

The  state  encourages  also 
rural,  village,  and  high 
schools  that  reach  an  ap- 
proved standard,  by  granting 
certain  sums  of  money  for 
their  maintenance.  To  keep 
these  schools  up  to  the 
required  grade,  the  State  Superintendent 
appoints  inspectors  for  high  schools,  graded 
schools,  and  rural  schools,  who  visit  the 
schools  and  assist  in  improving  them. 

This  aggressive  educational  policy  has  had 
its  effect,  and  notwithstanding  the  fact  that 
25  per  cent  of  the  population  are  foreign  born, 
the  illiteracy  is  but  4.7  per  cent. 

In  addition  to  the  state  schools  there  are 
many  schools  of  high  grade  that  are  classed 
as    universities,     colleges,     and    academies. 


Ireland 

Dt-nvtark  _ . 

Bohemia 

Alt  other 
cotijiij-ics  _ 


Most  important  among  them  are  Lawrence 
College,  located  at  Appleton;  Beloit  Col- 
lege, at  Beloit  (Fig.  76) ;  and  Ripon  College, 
at  Ripon.  They  have  been  established  about 
as  long  as  the  State  University  and  rank 
among  the  foremost  of  the  smaller  colleges 
of  the  country.      ('Fig.   60.) 

Population  and  Rank.     Wisconsin  in  1905 

contained  2,228,949  inhabitants.     In  1900,  it 

held    2,069,042    people,    with    this    number 

ranking  thirteenth  in  population  among  the 

states  of  the  Union  and  ninth  among  those 

included    in    the    Mississippi    Basin    group. 

The  average  density  of  population  in  1900 

was  38  per  square  mile  (Fig.  62),  the  state 

with   this  density  exceeding 

the  country  as  a  whole  and 

standing  just  below  West 

Virginia  with  38.9  and  just 

above   Georgia   with   37.6. 

By  1905  the  density  had  in- 

horn  population  and   creased    to   40.9   per   square 

the  percentage  of  per-  -r     ^    i.  -l 

sons  from  each  sped-  mile.  The  state  has  a  large 
foreign-born  population, 
numbering  in  1900  515,971, 
or  about  one-fourth  of  all  its  people.  (Figs. 
61  and  63.)  Thus  we  see  that  of  every  one 
hundred  persons  living  in  Wisconsin  at  this 
time,  practically  twenty-five  were  born  out- 
side of  the  United  States,  and  of  this  number 


Per  cent  "     '°    ^°    J°    40    J°    bo    7°    So    00  ioo 
Total  foreign 
born  fafitlattctt 

Germany 

i\'orway 

Canada 


Sweden 

England, Wales, 
Scotland 


Fig.    61.      The   country 
of  birth  of  the  foreign 


fied  country  living  in 
Wisconsin,   census   of 

IQOO. 


iqoo.. 
iSqo  - 
iSSo- 
tSyo- 
rSlm- 
iSso- 
JS40  _ 
rSjo  . 
1S20. 


ksS 


to-s 

O.Otf 


'5"  Fig.  62.     The  population  in  hundreds 

of   thousands  and  the  density 

of  population  per  square 

mile  at  each  Federal 

census. 


Per  cent 
Total  po/nlatipn 

Native  to  state  _  _  _ 

i\Vw  York 

Illinois 

Minnesota 

Michigan 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Iowa 

All  other  states 


30      40      S" 


Fig.  63.     The  state  of  birth  of  the 
native-born  population  and  the 
percentage  of  persons  from 
each  specified  state  liv- 
ing in  Wisconsin, 
census  of  igoo. 


of  foreign  born  not  less  than  twelve  were 
born  in  Germany.  Among  the  ]\Iississippi 
Basin  states  only  North  Dakota,  with  35.4, 
and  ^Minnesota,  with  29.9  per  cent,  exceeded 
it  in  foreign  population. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


33 


11.      THE  GROWTH  AND    DEVELOP- 
MENT OE  CITIES  AND    TOWNS. 

Distribution  and  Gain  in  Population.  While 
the  population  of  Wisconsin's  cities  and  towns  is 
increasinij  steadily,  the  number  of  their  inhabit- 
ants (Fig.  64)  is  still  much  smaller  than  that  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  farms  and  villages.  If 
we  include  all  places  of  more  than  4,000  people, 
in  1905  the  cities  and  towns  of  Wisconsin  held 
only  little  more  than  one-third  the  population 
of  the  state.  With  this  we  may  contrast 
New  York,  with  three- 
fourths  of  her  people  in 
places  of  more  than 
4,000  and  with  more 
than  one-half  of  them 
in  one  city;  and  Illinois, 
with  places  of  4,000  or 
over  holding  more  than 
one-half  of  her  people, 
and  with  more  than 
one-third  of  her  inhab- 
itants in  one  city. 

Milwaukee,  Wiscon- 
sin's greatest  city,  in 
1820  a  little  Indian  trad- 
ing post,  to-day  is  the 
twelfth  city  in  the  Union 
industrially  as  well  as  in 
size.  Its  situation,  on  a 
fine  harbor  on  the  west 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan, 
one  of  the  Great  Lakes 
— in  pioneer  days  the 
chief  highway  of  travel 
between  East  and  West  —  commanded  excellent 
transportation  facilities;  surrounded  by  a  coun- 
try rich  in  natural  resources,  it  invited  trade. 
These  advantages  of  position,  good  transporta- 
tion, and  abundant  resources  early  attracted  a 
high  class  of  immigrants,  many  of  whom  were 
sturdy,  industrious  Germans.  It  followed  natur- 
ally, therefore,  that  the  place  steadily  grew  in 
size  and  importance  and  early  became  a  center 
of  great  business  and  manufacturing  interests. 

Lying  from  600  to  700  feet  above  sea  level — 
from  60  to  128  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake 
— and  overlooking  a  splendid  harbor,  Milwaukee 


The  I'clttfive  sue  of  inenrp: 
citicB  nmi  tiUlnijes  is  ahuwn  by  the 
sue  of  Iht  cirdex 


Fig.  64, 


has  a  fine  situation  and  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  cities  in  the  Northwest.  Wooded 
areas  at  the  extreme  north  and  south  ends  of 
the  city  extend  far  out  into  the  lake,  the  shore 
line  sweeping  from  north  to  south  in  a  broad, 
deep  curve.  Behind  this  circling  shore  line  the 
land  rises  abruptly,  rimming  the  blue  waters  of 
the  magnificent  bay  which  forms  the  city's  har- 
bor. The  city,  divided  by  the  Milwaukee  River 
and  its  tributaries,  the  Menominee  and  the  Kin- 
nickinnic,  now  covers  an  area  of  about  thirty 
scjuare  miles,  crossed  by  many  miles  of  wide 
streets,  a  large  part  of 
which  is  substantially 
paved.      (Fig.  65.) 

For  several  miles  the 
river  extends  through  a 
fine  valley,  where  lie 
the  chief  shipping  and 
manufacturing  interests 
^9' of  the  city.  The  greater 
portion  of  the  river 
within  the  city  limits  is 
docked  and  of  service 
for  heav}-  navigation. 
One  branch  stretches 
northward  through  the 
business  district;  along 
the  south  branch,  which 
is  available  for  the  larg- 
est lake  craft,  industrial 
enterprises  are  thickly 
clustered.  The  river  is 
crossed  by  a  number  of 
bridges,  and  there  are 
four  viaducts,  the  one 
extending  over  the  Valley  of  the  Menominee 
being  a  mile  long. 

Lying  between  the  lake  and  the  north  branch, 
and  gently  sloping  to  the  west  and  north  from 
the  river,  are  the  highlands,  the  chief  residence 
district  of  the  city.  The  city  throughout  is  well 
and  handsomely  built,  and  its  public  and  private 
buildings  include  many  noteworthy  structures. 
Chief  among  the  public  buildings  and  institu- 
tions are  the  City  Hall,  occupying  a  triangular 
block;  the  Court  House  of  brown  sandstone; 
the  United  States  Government  Building,  a  mass- 
ive granite   structure;    the    Public   Library   and 


The  density  of  urban  pofiilation  in  Wisconsin, 
census  of  igoo. 


34 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


Museum,  the  Layton  Art 
Gallery,  the  Milwaukee 
Auditorium,  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  the  Athense- 
imi,  Squadron  Armory,  and 
a  number  of  handsome 
churches.  (Figs.  66  and  68.) 
Easy  access  to  raw  ma- 
terials of  farm,  forest,  and 
mine  and  far-reaching  trans- 
portation facilities  both  by 
rail  and  water  have  given 
the  citj"  a  wide  variety  of 
manufactures.  Of  these 
iron,  steel,  and  heavy  ma- 
chinery lead  in  importance. 
Next  in  value  come  leather, 
packed  meats,  beer,  and 
malt  tonics.  Among  other 
products  are  found  flour, 
railroad  rolling  stock,  men's 
clothing,  and  automobiles. 
Milwaukee's  many  indus- 
trial establishments  (Fig.  51) 
include  a  machine  construct- 


MILWAUKEE 

AND   VICINITY 

bCALL 


4"*  Sttitute  .Vital  ti>  .int  i-.c/i 


Fig.  6;; 


ing  plant,  a  tinware  manufactory,  and  tanneries 
that  are  among  the  largest  in  the  world. 

While  the  city's  industrial  interests  far  out- 
rank its  commercial,  two  factors  —  cheap  trans- 
portation b}-  water  and  fast  transportation  by 
land,  have  united  to  make  the  city  a  great  col- 
lecting and  distributing  center.      With  its  wide, 


safe  harbor  Milwaukee  has 
attained  a  commanding 
position  in  commerce,  rank- 
ing fifth  among  the  Great 
Lake  ports.  Coal  is  the 
chief  item,  Milwaukee  being 
one  of  the  leading  coal 
receiving  ports  on  the  Great 
Lakes.  Millions  of  tons, 
destined  for  use  in  local  in- 
dustries or  to  be  distributed 
throughout  the  western 
states,  are  received  at  this 
port  annually. 

The  city's  railroad  facili- 
ties are  excellent.  Five 
great  lines,  covering  a 
length  of  more  than  25,000 
miles,  reach  its  doors.  Con- 
necting it  with  all  impor- 
tant cities  east,  west,  north, 
south,  this  great  length  of 
steel  roadways  encourages 
an  ever-increasing  land 
traffic.  Electric  lines  afford 
easy  access  to  surrounding  towns  and  country. 
No  city  surpasses  Milwaukee  in  her  efforts  to 
advance  educational  interests.  One  of  the  first 
cities  in  the  United  States  to  establish  kinder- 
garten schools,  she  has  also  been  one  of  the  first 
to  make  trade  schools  a  part  of  her  public  school 
system.     The  state's    largest    normal   school   is 


Milwaukee  and  vicinity. 


Fig.  66.     .4  bird's-eye  view  of  Milwaukee  looking  sotithiuest  over  a  section  embracing  some  of  the  most  notable  buildings 
in  the  city.     The  Gover)iment  Building,  first  on  the  left,  faces  on  Wisconsin  Street,  one  of  the  main  thoroughfares. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


35 


found  here.  The  city  has 
the  sixth  largest  and  one 
of  the  most  noteworthy 
museums  of  the  coun- 
try, and  its  Layton  Art 
Gallery  contains  a  fine 
collection.  The  public 
library  is  well  equipped, 
having  nearh'  200,000 
volumes.      (Fig.  67.) 

Milwaukee  has  a  fine 
park  system,  covering 
about  500  acres,  with 
abundant  trees,  fine 
lawns,  walks,  and  drive- 
ways. Juneau  Park,  on 
the  lake  front,  com- 
memorates by  name  and  monument  the  founder 
of  the  city.  It  also  contains  a  statue  of  Leif 
Ericson,  whom  legend  credits  as  having  found 
his  wa}-  to  this  region  on  his  visit  to  America. 

Towns  of  the  Milwaukee  Region.  Among 
the  near-by  places  surrounding  Milwaukee,  and 
practically  a  part  of  the  city  though  beyond  its 
limits,  we  find  a  number  of  flourishing  industrial 
towns  and  several  health  and  pleasure  resorts. 
About  two  miles  south  of  the  city  stands 
Ctidaliy,  with  its  great  meat-packing  plants  and 
large  chemical  works;  eight  miles  beyond  is 
South  Milwaukee,  largely  engaged  in  making 
steam  dredges,  wire  and  wire  cable,  and  mineral 
wool.     To  the  west  of  the  city  and  distant  about 


h^^^M 

- 

i» 

3 

w^Bt^^^^^^ 

fi^^ 

Sir 

'k 

^^^^^^v 

IS*»*— — wij 

K^jji^ 

^1 

181 

■S^r^;  J!p 

HE 

iln 

^lyif..,. 4  i'am,. 

kjkLJr^ 

1^^ 

j^SBi^^ai^^^^^^^AHHiii 

'nJSS^^ 

19B9B 

-^!:^^J; 

IVBHR^^^I 

B 

B|ji| 

Mil 

ifia 

^^^^^ijj^^H 

BB 

■ 

Fig.  67,      Tlic  Milmaiikcc  Public  Library  and  Museum 
Close  by  the  building  stands  a  noteworthy  statue 
of  George  Washington.  ' 


si.\  miles,  is  West  Allis, 
the  seat  of  immense 
machine  shops;  north- 
ward a  few  miles  from 
West  Allis  is  Waiiwa- 
tosa,  chiefly  devoted  to 
residences,  the  homes  of 
Milwaukee  business 
men ;  here  are  located  a 
number  of  county  insti- 
tutions. (Fig.  39.)  Just 
1 J  c  y  o  n  d  the  wester  n 
boundary  of  Milwaukee 
and  not  far  from  Wau- 
watosa,  lie  the  State 
Fair  Grounds. 

Southeast  of  Wauwa- 
tosa  and  nearer  the  city,  is  a  National  Soldiers' 
Home,  accommodating  2,400  inmates  and  sur- 
rounded by  400  acres  of  beautifully  kept  grounds. 
Much  farther  to  the  northeast  of  Wauwatosa  is 
North  Milwaukee,  the  seat  of  various  busy  indus- 
tries. On  the  lake  shore  eastward  from  that 
place  and  closely  connected  with  Milwaukee,  is 
I'Vhilcfish  Bay,  a  much  frequented  summer  resort. 
Still  farther  westward  in  the  Milwaukee 
region  lie  Wankcslia  and  Ocoiiomowoc,  widely 
known  as  health  and  pleasure  resorts.  Wauke- 
sha, on  the  Little  Fox  River,  seventeen  miles 
from  Milwaukee,  owes  its  popularity  to  its  valu- 
able mineral  springs,  famous  the  world  over. 
It  has  an  important  trade  in  mineral  waters  and 


"  'TTW^'^W-i?' 


■  ":7*p.-'''>»-; 


Fig.  68.     A  continuation  of  the  view  presented  in  Fig.  66,  but  looking  west.      The  City  Hall  stands  conspicuously  in 
the  center,  while  the  dense  city  stretches  away  to  the  northwest. 


36 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


Fig.  dg.     A  bird's-eye  view  of  Waukesha,  a  popular  summer  resort,  widely  known  for  its  mineral  springs  and  noted 

for  the  beauty  oj  its  scenery. 


is  the  seat  of  iron  works,  steel  bridge  works, 
and  a  canning  factory.  Several  sanitariums, 
the  State  Industrial  School  for  Boys,  and  Carroll 
College  are  located  here.      (Fig.  69.) 

About  fifteen  miles  beyond  Waukesha,  in  the 
midst  of  countless  small  lakes  many  feet  above 
Lake  Michigan,  is  Oconomowoc ,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  inviting  resorts  in  the  West. 
(Fig.  17.)  Here  are  many  magnificent  estates 
and  handsome  dwellings,  the  homes  of  summer 
residents. 

Towas  on  or  near  Lake  Michigan.  On  or  near 
the  lake,  south  and  north  of  Milwaukee,  lie  other 
cities  and  towns  which  have  become  important 


implements  and  is  the  seat  of  large  carriage  and 
wagon  works.  (Fig.  70.)  Here  foundry',  machine 
shop,  and  leather  industries  are  also  represented, 
while  among  newer  industries  the  manufacture 
of  automobiles  is  chief.  Situated  on  the  shore 
of  the  lake,  which  lies  niore  than  sixty  feet 
below,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Root  River,  it  has 
a  good  harbor  and  a  large  lake  commerce,  while 
connection  with  two  important  railroads  gives 
it  an  excellent  trade  by  rail.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Racine  College.  Directly  south  of  Racine  stands 
Kenosha,  a  city  of  varied  manufactures,  of  which 
the  leather  industry  has  long  led  in  importance. 
The  manufacture  of  automobiles  is  now  one  of 
its  leading  industries.  Here  is  situated  Kemper 
Hall,  a  well-known  school  for  young  women. 
(Fig.  71.)  C)n  Fox  River,  westward  from  and  in 
the  same  county  as  Racine,  lies  Burlington,  with 
various  flourishing  industries  and  excellent  ship- 
ping facilities. 

Most   important   of  the  lake   cities  north   of 
Milwaukee  is  Sheboygan,  the  sixth  city  in  size  in 


Fig.  70.     A  spoke-driving  machine  in  one  of  Racine's 
great  wagon  and  carriage  factories. 

as  manufacturing  or  trade  centers.  Chief  among 
those  to  the  south  of  the  city  are  Racine  and 
Kenosha,  industrially  the  second  and  third 
cities  in  Wisconsin.  Racine,  the  third  city  in 
the  state  in  size,  also  ranks  third  in  the  Union 
as  a  center  for  the  manufacture  of  agricultural 


Fig,  71.     A  .scene  in  Kenosha,  showing  the  Soldiers' 

Monument  and  the  beautiful  Simmons 

Memorial  Library. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


37 


Fig. 


.4  characteristic  scene  in  the  busy  harbor  of  S 
thriving  city  is  one  of  the  leading  ports  in  th 


Wisconsin.  It  lies  at  the  mouth  of  Sheboygan 
River,  adjacent  to  a  rich  farming  and  dairying 
region,  and  has  a  large  trade  in  fish,  lumber,  and 
farm  products.  It  has  great  cheese  warehouses 
and  coal  and  salt  docks.  Among  Wisconsin's 
industrial  cities  it  also  ranks  sixth.  Furniture, 
toys,  foundry  and  machine  shop  products, 
carriages,  leather  and  leather  goods  are  among  its 
manufactures.  It  has  one  of  the  largest  chair 
factories  in  the  world.      (Figs.  72  and  73.) 

Directly  west  from  and  on  the  same  river  as 
Sheboygan,  is  the  busy  town  of  Sheboygan  Falls, 
which  also  makes  furniture;  westward  still 
farther,  at  the  crossing  of  two  railroads,  is  Ply- 
mouth, a  flourishing  center  of  industries  and 
with  a  large  trade  in  cheese.  Southwest  of 
Plymouth,  about  halfway  between  Sheboygan 
and  Milwaukee,  stands  West  Bend,  the  countv 


seat  of  Washington  County,  where 
we  find  a  pocket-book  factory, 
a  foundry,  and  other  industrial 
plants.  Eastward,  directly  on  the 
lake  shore  and  closely  connected 
with  Sheboygan  and  Milwaukee  by 
steam  and  trolley  lines,  is  Port 
Washington,  county  seat  of  Ozau- 
kee County,  with  foundries,  chair 
factories,  a  brewery  and  brick 
yards.  Southwest  of  that  place 
is  the  busy  town  of  Cedarbitrg. 

Twenty-five  miles  directly  north 
of  Sheboygan,  on  Lake  Michigan, 
lies  Manitowoc,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  of  the  same  name.  A 
railroad  town  with  a  good  harbor,  it  has  a  large 
trade  in  grain,  flour,  leather,  and  dairy  products. 


c  stale. 


Thi 


Fig.  7^.     .1  great  chair  factory  in  Sheboygan.     Tin's  is  said  to  be  the 
largest  chair  factory  in  the  world. 


Fig.   74.     A  view  of  the  dry  dock  at  Maniioivoe.     Here 
many  lake  vessels  are  brought  for  repair. 

Among  its  industrial  interests  are  a  ship  building 
plant  and  manufactories  for  school 
and  chtirch  furniture.    (Fig.  74.) 

Two  Rivers,  farther  northward, 
owes  its  name  to  two  streams,  the 
Michicott  and  the  Neshota,  which, 
uniting  here,  form  its  harbor.  It 
has  varied  manufactures  and  large 
fishing  interests;  three  hundred 
times  each  year  it  sends  out  a 
carload  of  fish.  Still  farther  north- 
ward on  the  lake  is  Kcivannec,  the 
flourishing  county  seat  of  Kewau- 
nee County.  Beyond  that  place 
lie  the  busy  towns  of  Algoma  and 
Sturgeon  Bay.     A  canal  connects 


38 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


Fig.   75.     The    State  Historical  Liurury  at  MaJison. 

This  handsome  building  houses  one  of  the  most 

notable  libraries  in  the  country,  and  is  visited 

by  scholars  and  students  from  all  sections. 

Sturgeon  Bay,  which  is  the  county  seat  of  Door 
County,  with  Lake  Michigan,  three  miles  away. 
Here  are  a  foundry,  manufactories  for  lumber, 
canneries,  and  a  shipyard  and  dry  dock. 

Rock  River  Valley  Towns.  In  the  rich  farm- 
ing and  dairying  region  of  the  Rock  River  Val- 
ley (Fig.  6)  are  some  of  the  most  flourishing 
and  attractive  places  within  the  state.  Here, 
finely  situated  between  lakes  Mendota  (Fig.  11) 
and  Monona,  with  Waubesa  and  Kegonsa  lakes 
situated  a  little  to  the  south,  lies  Madison,  the 
capital  of  the  state.  Because  of  its  healthful 
location  and  the  beauty^  of  its  surroundings, 
Madison  is  becoming  famous  as  a  summer 
resort.  It  is  also  widely  known  as  an  educa- 
tional center,  being  the  seat  of  the  State  Uni- 
versitv  and  of  the  Library  and  Museum  of  the 
State  Historical  Society.  Crowning  a  hill  in 
the  center  of  a  public  park  stands  the  capitol 
(Fig.  59),  and  on  College  Hill,  one  mile  west,  are 
the  buildings  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 
(Fig.  58.)  At  the  foot  of  the  university  cam- 
pus stands  the  building  of  the  State  Historical 
Society  (Fig.  75),  which  contains  one  of  the 
most  notable  reference  libraries  in  the  country. 
On  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Mendota  is  situated 
the  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  and  a  few 
miles  to  the  south  lies  the  State  Fish  Hatchery. 
Three  great  railroads  afford  excellent  trans- 
portation facilities  for  the  town,  which  has 
important  commercial  interests  and  a  number 
of  flourishing  industries. 


Stoitghton,  fifteen  miles  southeast  of  Madison, 
and  not  far  from  Kegonsa  Lake,  famous  for  its 
boating,  fishing,  and  bathing,  is  a  thriving  town 
with  manufactures  of  ploughs,  carriages,  and 
wagons. 

Southeast  of  that  place  about  twenty  miles, 
and  lying  on  both  sides  of  Rock  River,  is  Jancs- 
villc,  county  seat  of  Rock  County.  In  the  center 
of  a  fine  farming  region,  it  has  an  important 
trade  in  grain,  dairy  products,  and  beet  sugar, 
(Fig.  30).  The  river  here  affords  abundant 
water  power  and  many  flourishing  industries 
have  sprung  up.  Chief  among  its  industrial 
plants  are  woolen,  and  flouring  mills,  machine 
shops  and  foundries,  and  agricultural  imple- 
ment works.  Janesville  is  the  chief  railroad 
center  of  south  central  Wisconsin.  Here  is  a 
state  school  for  the  blind.  Still  farther  south, 
on  the  east  side'of  Rock  River,  and  at  the  cross- 
ing of  two  railroads,  is  the  busy,  progressive 
citv  of  Bcloit.  It  is  in  the  heart  of  a  rich  agri- 
cultural section,  for  which  it  is  the  trade  center. 
Its  various  manufactures  include  wood-working 
and  paper-mill  machinery,  gasoline  engines,  agri- 
cultural implements,  and  windmills.  Beloit  Col- 
lege (Fig.  76),  founded  in  1847,  is  located  here. 

North  of  Janesville,  on  the  left  bank  of  Rock 
River,  is  Edgcrtoii,  an  important  shipping  point 
for  tobacco  and  the  seat  of  several  cigar  fac- 
tories; up  the  river,  twelve  miles  to  the  north- 
east of  that  place,  lies  Fort  Atkinson,  with  varied 
manufactures,  including  dairy  supplies,  sleighs. 


>^7;t ,        A     Ml,    /  1  #■ 

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Fig.  76.     Beloit  College.     One  of  the  leading  as  well 
as  one  of  the  oldest  educational  institu- 
tions in  the  state. 


THE  GECJC.RAPilY   OF   WISCONSIN 


39 


carriages,  and  turniture.  .V  few  miles  beyond 
Fort  Atkinson,  and  on  the  same  river,  lying 
in  a  fertile  farming  region,  is  Jefferson,  also 
a  flourishing  trade  and  manufacturing  center, 
its  chief  industrial  establishments  being  foun- 
dries, machine  shops,  woolen  and  flouring  mills. 
About  eight  miles  to  the  northwest  of  Jeffer- 
son, on  the  east  shore  of  Rock  Lake,  we  find 
Ldkcmills,  a  pleasant  summer  resort.  Farther  to 
the  northwest,  is  Waterloo,  a  trade  center  for 
fine  farming  and  dairying  interests.  Continuing 
north  from  Jefferson,  on  Rock  River,  on  the 
border  line  of  Jefferson  and  Dodge  counties,  we 
find  the  growing  city  of  Waterlown.  With  good 
railroad  facilities  and  surrounded  by  a  fine  agri- 
cultural country,  it  has  an  excellent  trade  and 
varied  manufactures; 
the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity and  College  of 
the  Sacred  Heart  are 
located  here.  About 
twenty  miles  northeast 
of  Watertown,  near  the 
source  of  Rock  River, 
and  adjacent  to  Horicon 
Marsh,  a  paradise  for 
sportsmen,  is  Horicon, 
and  a  few  miles  to  the 
east  of  Horicon  is  the 
thriving  town  of  May- 
villc.  At  the  southeast 
end  of  Beaver  Lake, 
northwest  of  "Water- 
town  and  directly  west  of  Horicon,  is  Beaver- 
dam,  a  growing  manufacturing  city,  with  cotton, 
woolen,  and  flouring  mills  and  other  important 
industrial  interests.  (Fig.  77.)  Here  is  Way- 
land  Academy.  South  from  Beaverdam  lies 
Columbus,  the  center  of  large  canning  and  brew- 
ing interests.  In  the  extreme  northern  end  of 
the  valley  stands  Waitpuu.  which  has  manufac- 
tures of  carriages,  ploughs,  windmills,  boots,  and 
shoes.     It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  Prison. 

Among  the  towns  in  the  valley  eastward  from 
Janesville,  we  find  the  well  known  summer 
resorts.  Lake  Geneva  and  Dclavau .  Lake  Geneva  is 
beautifully  situated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name 
(Fig.  19),  and,  on  a  high  elevation  on  the  north 


shore  of  the  lake,  is  the  Yerkes  OVjservatorv 
of  the  University  of  Chicago.  The  town  shares 
in  the  rich  dairying  interests  of  the  surrounding 
region.  Dclavan,  near  Delavan  Lake,  has  fine 
mineral  springs  and  is  the  seat  of  the  State 
School  for  the  Deaf.  To  the  northeast  of 
Delavan  lies  Elkhorn,  the  count}^  seat  of  Wal- 
worth County;  and  about  fifteen  miles  to  the 
northwest,  midway  between  Milwaukee  and 
Madison,  is  Whitewater,  a  beautiful  residence 
town,  and  the  distributing  point  for  a  rich  agri- 
cultural district ;  its  principal  shipments  are 
live  stock,  dairy  products,  and  dairy  supplies; 
the  town  is  best  known  as  the  location  of  a 
flourishing  normal  school. 

Most  important  among  the  towns  south  of 
Madison  and  west  of 
Janesville  is  Monroe,  the 
trade  center  for  a  fine 
farming  and  dairying 
region.  Here  are  manu- 
factured condensed 
milk,  cheese,  lumber, 
and  farming  imple- 
ments. Here  is  Green 
County  Training  School 
for  Teachers.  To  the 
east  of  Monroe  we  find 
Brodhcad,  a  railroad 
town  with  thriving  in- 
dustries; and  northeast 
of  that  place  Evansville. 
also  an  industrial  center. 
Towns  of  Green  Bay -Fox  River  Trail.  All 
along  this  pathway  of  explorer,  missionary,  fur 
trader,  and  settler,  rich  in  historic  associations, 
many  flourishing  cities  and  towns,  have  sprung 
up.  (Fig.  42.)  Chief  among  these  places  are 
Oshkosh,  the  fourth,  and  Green  Bay,  the  eighth, 
city  in  size  of  the  state. 

Situated  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Winne- 
bago, on  both  sides  of  Fox  River  where  it  enters 
the  lake,  and  at  the  crossing  of  important  rail- 
roads, Oshkosh  is  the  greatest  industrial  center 
in  the  interior  of  the  state.  (Fig.  79.)  It  is 
the  seat  of  large  lumber  and  planing-mill  indus- 
tries and  turns  out,  among  other  manufactures, 
fvirniture,  carriages,  wagons,  machine  shop  and 


7        I nti'rwr  .>/  ci  Uiri:,c  u'oolcji  mil!  at  Beaver 
lain,  a  fionnsliiiig  manufacturing  city  in 
the  Rock  River  Valley. 


40 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  (3F  WISCONSIN 


foundry  products.  Osh- 
kosh  has  a  picturesque 
and  healthful  situation 
and  is  a  favorite  sum- 
mer and  fishing  resort. 
Here  is  located  a  state 
normal  school.  Not  far 
away,  on  Lake  Poygan, 
lies  W  iuiicconne ,  a 
summer  resort  affording 
great  attractions  to 
sportsmen;  and  on  Fox 
River,  about  six  miles  south  of  that  place,  is 
the  thriving  town  of  Omro. 

Grccu  Bay.  oldest  of  Wisconsin  cities,  is  finely 
located  on  the  Fox  River  at  the  head  of  Green 
Bay  and  at  the  junction  of  four  railroads.  Hand- 
some public  and  pri\-ate  buildings  and  a  beau- 
tiful park  add  to  its  attractiveness.  (Fig.  78.) 
Its  fine  harbor  admits  the  largest  lake  steamers 
and  the  city  has  an  extensive  trade  in  lumber, 
fish,  and  grain.  Here  also  are  varied  flourishing 
manufactures.  A  few  miles  south  on  both  sides 
of  the  river,  here  spanned  by  a  bridge  1,600  feet 
long,  is  Dcpcrc,  with  abundant  water  power  used 
by  many  busy  manufactories,  the  chief  being  for 
paper.  It  lies  in  a  fine  farming  country  and  has 
a  large  trade  in  cattle,  grain,  and  other  farm 
products.     Nearby  are  limestone  quarries. 

In  the  heart  of  Fox  River  Valley,  in  a  region 
notable  for  its  water  power,  the  population  has 
centered  in  a  cluster  of  thriving  industrial 
towns.  First  among  these  places,  on  a  plateau 
seventy  feet  above  the  Fox  River  and  near  the 
rapids,  stands  Applcton.  It  lies  in  the  midst  of 
a  wide  farming  area  and,  with  splendid  water 
power,  is  the  seat  of  extensive  manufactures. 
These  include  wood  pulp,  paper,  flour,  woolens, 
furniture,    other   wood    products,    and    farming 


Fig.  78.     Point  Lookout,  near  Green  Bay. 


implements.  A  series  of 
locks  here  and  at  other 
points  along  the  river 
renders  it  navigable  for 
steamboats  between 
Green  Ba}-  and  Lake 
Winnebago.  Here  is 
Lawrence  College.  Kau- 
kaiiiia,  on  the  same  side 
of  the  river,  seven  miles 
northeast  of  Appleton, 
also    has   fine   water 


power  and  is  the  center  of  thriving  industries; 
here,  among  other  plants,  are  pulp  and  paper 
mills,  flouring  and  planing  mills,  a  large  railroad 
shop,  and  brick  and  tile  works. 

A  little  farther  up  the  river,  at  its  outlet  at  the 
north  end  of  Lake  Winnebago,  we  find  the  twin 
cities  of  Neeiiah  and  Mcuasha,  industrially 
one  flourishing  city.  To  the  abundance  of  good 
water  power  is  due  the  growth  of  varied  manu- 
factures. Menasha's  industries  include  paper, 
woolen  and  knitting  mills,  awoodenware  factor}', 
and  lumber  interests.  Among  other  industrial 
plants,  Neeiiah  has  lumber  and  flouring  mills. 

Finely  situated  at  the  south  end  of  Lake 
W^innebago,  about  twenty  miles  southeast  of 
Oshkosh,  is  Fond  dii  Lac,  a  flourishing  manu- 
facturing center.  It  is  the  county  seat  of  the 
county  of  the  same  name,  and  competes  with 
Appleton  for  third  place  in  size  in  the  valley. 
Among  its  industrial  plants  are  foundries,  rail- 
road and  machine  shops  and  manufactoiies  for 
furniture  and  leather  goods.  Westward,  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Fox  River,  we  find  Princeton, 
with  a  County  Training  School  for  Teachers, 
and  Berlin,  chief  towns  of  Green  Lake  County. 
Berlin  lies  adjacent  to  valuable  granite  quarries 
and  to  a  district  devoted  to  the  culture  of  the 


iiniriifra 


Fig.  7q.     Oslikosh  as  seen  from  Lake  Winnebago.     It  is  one  of  the  leading  nianiifactitring  eities  of  the  state:  and  is 

also  a  popular  summer  and  yachting  resort. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


41 


iicltc 


cranberry;  manufactures  flourish,  the  town 
being  especially  known  for  its  glove  industry. 

West  Shore  of  Green  Bay  and  Menominee 
River  Towns.  On  the  west  shore  of  the  bay,  and 
to  the  north  of  the  city  of  Green  Bay,  is  Oconto, 
the  county  seat  of  Oconto  County,  with  exten- 
sive lumber  interests  and  a  large  trade  in  fish. 
About  thirteen  miles  northeast  of  that  place,  and 
six  miles  from  the  ba}\  is  Pcshtigo,  a  lumber 
town  and  the  seat  of  railroad  shops. 

Continuing  northward  we  reach  Marinette 
(Fig.  8oj,  chief  city  on  the  northeast  border  of 
the  state.  It  lies  on  Green  Bay  at  the  mouth 
of  Menominee  River  and  opposite  Menominee, 
Michigan,  with  which  it  is  closely  connected  by 
bridges,  and  by  steam  and  electric  roads.  With 
excellent  railroad  facilities  and  a  fine  harbor,  it 
has  an  extensive  lake  commerce  and  a  good 
trade  by  rail.  It  is  the  most  important  lumber 
center  of  the  Northwest  and  in  addition  to  paper 
and  pulp  mills,  iron  works  and  other  industries, 
has  large  factories  for  gloves  and  knit  goods.  A 
County  Training  School  for  Teachers  is  here. 

North  from  Green  Bay,  on  or  near  the  Menomi- 
nee River,  lie  IVausankcc  and  Florence.  Waii- 
saukee,  about  twenty-five  miles  northwest  of 
Marinette  and  not  far  from  the  river,  is  a 
railroad  and  lumber  town.  Florence,  on  the 
Menominee,  much  farther  to  the  north,  is  the 
county  seat  of  Florence  County  and  a  shipping 
point  for  ore  and  lumber. 

Wolf  River  Valley  Towns.  The  greater  part 
of  this  tributary  valley  of  the  Fox  is  included 
in  the  lumber  region  of  the  state,  and  here  a 
number  of  thriving  towns  have  grown  up,  their 
prosperity  due  chiefly  to  lumber  interests.    Chief 


among  these  places  is  Shawano,  at  the  crossing 
of  two  railroads,  and  the  county  seat  of  Shawano 
County,  where  lumber,  paper,  and  wood  fiber 
are  manufactured.  Clintonville,  to  the  south- 
west of  Shawano  in  a  good  farming  region  in 
Waupaca  County,  is  a  market  town  with  a  large 
trade,  especially  in  potatoes,  and  a  flouring  mill 
and  sash  and  door  factory.  South  of  that  place, 
at  the  meeting  of  the  Wolf  and  Embarrass  rivers 
in  Waupaca  County,  is  New  London,  the  seat  of 
thriving  lumber  interests,  a  chair  factory,  and 
a  large  condensed  milk  plant;  it  has  a  County 
Training  School  for  Teachers.  To  the  west  of 
New  London,  about  sixteen  miles,  is  Waupaca, 
which  turns  out  lumber,  flour,  and  woolens,  but 
which  is  best  known,  perhaps,  for  the  beautiful 
chain  of  lakes  lying  just  to  the  west  of  the  town. 

Towns  of  the  Lead  and  Zinc  District.  In  the 
extreme  southwest  corner  of  the  state,  between 
the  Mississippi  and  Wisconsin  rivers,  in  a 
region  long  known  for  rich  deposits  of  lead  and 
zinc,  we  find  a  cluster  of  busy  towns. 

Platteville,  the  center  of  the  most  important 
zinc  and  lead  interests  in  the  state  (Fig.  81), 
and  Mineral  Point,  the  seat  of  thriving  zinc  and 
acid  works,  are  the  chief  towns  of  the  district. 
At  the  crossing  of  two  leading  railroad  lines, 
and  in  a  farming  and  mining  region,  Platteville 
has  large  shipments  of  meat,  dairy  products, 
and  ore;  Wisconsin's  oldest  normal  school  is 
located  here,  and  here  is  found  the  only  mining 
trade  school  in  the  United  States.  Directly 
northwest  of  Platteville,  in  the  heart  of  a  fertile 
agricultural  country,  lies   Lancaster,  one  of  the 


Fig. 


81.     .4  great  plant  for  separating  ore  from 
rocks,  Platteville. 


42 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF   WLSCONSIN 


leading  stock-shipping  points  in  the  state.  To 
the  southeast,  on  the  Pecatonica  River,  stands 
Darlington ,  the  county  seat  of  Lafayette  County, 
a  busy  industrial  town,  also  a  trade  center  for  a 
fine  farming  region.  Ten  miles  southwest  of  that 
place  lies  the  flourishing  railroad  town  of  Sliulls- 
biirg.  To  the  northeast  of  Platteville,  and 
directly  north  of  Mineral  Point,  stands  Dodgc- 
ville,  county  seat  of  Iowa  County,  where  farming 
implements,  wagons,  and  cheese  are  manufac- 
tured; near  by  are  zinc  and  lead  deposits. 

Wisconsin  Valley  Towns.  A  beautiful  river, 
affording  a  broad  highway  for  travel,  wide  areas 
of  fertile  farming  land,  vast  tracts  of  merchant- 
able timber,  and  abundant  water  power  invited 
exploration  and  encouraged  settlement.  Natur- 
ally with  this  wealth  of 
advantages  many  trade 
and  industrial  centers 
grew  up  and  flourished 
within  the  valley. 

Wausau,  Stevens  Point, 
and  Merrill,  in  the  cen- 
ter of  this  long,  narrow 
valley,  are  the  chief 
cities  of  the  region. 
Wausau,  county  seat  of 
Marathon  County,  larg- 
est of  the  valley's  cities, 
lies  in  the  midst  of  a 
fine  farming  and  dairy- 
ing region  and  adjacent 
to  granite  quarries  and 
timber  supplies;  the  Big  Bull  Falls  provides 
splendid  water  power  at  this  point,  and  among 
^•aried  manufactures  are  extensive  lumber  prod- 
ucts (Fig.  82),  sandpaper,  sawmill  machinery, 
flour,  leather,  and  canned  vegetables;  here  is 
located  a  County  Training  School  for  Teachers. 

Stevens  Point,  county  seat  of  Portage  County, 
on  the  river  thirty-five  miles  south  of  Wausau, 
also  with  abundant  water  power,  has  large  manu- 
factures of  lumber,  paper  and  wood  pulp,  and  is 
the  seat  of  a  State  Normal  School.  Eighteen 
miles  north  is  Merrill,  county  seat  of  Lincoln 
County,  another  thriving  industrial  center  with 
large  lumber  industries,  the  seat  of  tanneries, 
and  with  a  County  Training  School  for  Teachers. 

Northward,  and  in  the  same  coinity  as  Merrill, 


Fig.  82.     Interior  of  one 
moulding  factories  for 


is  Tomahawk,  with  a  tannery,  pulp,  paper,  and 
lumber  mills,  iron  works,  box  and  pail  factories, 
and  other  industrial  plants. 

Directly  on  the  river,  fifteen  miles  southwest 
of  Stevens  Point,  is  Grand  Rapids,  the  countv 
seat  of  Wood  County,  where  splendid  water 
power  (Fig.  43)  is  utilized  in  the  manufacture  of 
lumber,  paper,  wood  pulp,  furniture,  and  other 
products.  A  fine  bridge  spans  the  river  at  this 
point.  Here  is  a  County  Training  School  for 
Teachers.  To  the  northwest  of  Grand  Rapids, 
midway  between  Stevens  Point  and  Wausau, 
lies  Marshficld,  the  market  for  one  of  the  great- 
est dairying  and  stock-raising  regions  in  the 
Northwest;  besides  stock  and  dairy  products, 
it  has  a  large  trade  in  baled  hay,  and  is  the 
seat  of  veneer  and  ex- 
celsior factories. 

Going  southward 
from  Marshfield  we  find 
Nccedah,  New  Lisbon. 
Maitston,  and  Elroy.  a 
cluster  of  thriving  towns 
in  Juneau  County. 
Mansion,  the  county 
seat,  with  the  advan- 
tages of  excellent  water 
power,  is  the  center  of 
growing  industries.  ( )n 
Baraboo  River,  east  of 
Mauston,  and  much  far- 
ther south,  lies  Baraboo, 
county  seat  of  Sauk 
County;  here  good  water  power  encouraged  the 
location  of  industries,  and  there  are  thriving 
woolen,  flouring,  saw,  and  planing  mills,  railroad 
shops,  breweries,  a  large  creamer}-,  and  a  fruit- 
canning  plant;  Baraboo  is  in  one  of  the  most 
picturesque  regions  of  the  state:  three  miles  to 
the  south  lies  Devils  Lake  (Fig.  8),  much  used 
as  a  resort  in  summer,  and  to  the  north  Kilhonru 
City,  near  the  Dalles  (Fig.  16)  of  the  Wisconsin, 
where  the  delightful  air,  pure,  clear  water,  and 
wonderful  scenery  annually  attract  increasing 
numbers.  Northwest  of  Baraboo,  and  also  in 
Sauk  County,  is  Reedsburg,  a  center  of  growing 
industries,  and  the  seat  of  Sauk  County  Training 
School  for  Teachers.  To  the  southwest  of  that 
place  lies  Richland  Center,  county  seat  of  Rich- 


of  the  great  sasi:,  Joor,  ami 
which  Wausau  is  noted. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


43 


land  County, 
the  market  town 
for  a  great  but- 
ter and  cheese 
industry,  and 
with  a  large 
trade  in  li\-e 
stock  and  thriv- 
ing manufactures  of  lumber,  excelsior,  barrels, 
cheese  boxes,  and  butter  tubs;  here  is  a  County 
Training  School  for  Teachers.  To  the  southeast 
of  Kilbourn  City,  at  a  sharp  bend  in  the  river, 
stands  Portage,  which  owes  its  name  to  its  loca- 
tion at  the  old  carrying  place  —  now  occupied 
by  a  Government  Ship  Canal  —  between  the 
Wisconsin  and  Fox  rivers,  where  explorer  and 
fur  trader  carried  their  canoes  overland ;  among 
other  manufactures  it  has  hosiery  and  knit 
goods,  flour  and  brick.  Near  by  are  the  remains 
of  old  Fort  Winnebago,  founded  in  182S.  Far- 
ther down  the  valley,  in  Grant  County,  we  reach 
Boscobcl,  with  various  thriving  industries. 

Towns  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Valley.  Fol- 
lowing closely  on  the  heels  of  explorer  and  set- 
tler, on  the  shore  of  this  great  highway  (Fig.  i) 
and  all  along  the  many  tributaries  stretching  far 
into  the  valley,  the  ever-increasing  population 
has  grouped  in  an  astonishing  number  of  thriv- 
ing cities  and  towns. 

La  Crosse  (Fig.  83),  splendidly  situated  on 
the  Mississippi,  at  the  meeting  of  the  beautiful 
valleys  of  the  Black  and  the  La  Crosse,  is  the 
largest  city  of  the  group,  the  fifth  city  in  size 
in  the  state,  and  rivals  Oshkosh  for  fifth  place 
among  Wisconsin's  industrial  cities.  Among 
its  varied  industries  the 
manufacture  of  flour 
ranks  first,  its  mills 
turning  out  6,000  barrels 
daily;  other  manufac- 
tures are  malt  liquors, 
lumber  and  planing 
mill  products,  tobacco, 
cigars,  carriages,  and 
wagons.  La  Crosse  is 
also  an  important  ship- 
ping point  for  grain.  It 
is  the  county  seat  of  La 
Crosse  County,  has  fine 


II  /''.'(■  hiisnic.^ 


(\-li\iu  ,if  /,u  (  r, 


FrG.  84.     .4  bird's-eye  view  of  Eatt  Claire. 


public  buildings, 
and  is  the  site 
of  a  State  Nor- 
mal School. 

Northeast- 
ward from  La 
Crosse  in  Mon- 
roe County,  in 
the  valley  of  the  La  Crosse,  are  Sparta  and 
Toniah.  Sparta,  the  county  seat  of  the  count}-, 
directly  on  the  river,  has  manufactures  of  flour 
and  tobacco,  and  is  the  location  of  a  State 
Public  School  for  Dependent  Children.  At 
Toinah.  which  has  saw,  lumber,  and  flouring 
mills,  there  is  a  Government  Indian  School. 
Going  southward  from  Sparta  we  reach  Viroqiia, 
the  county  seat  of  Vernon  Count3^  from  where 
large  quantities  of  live  stock,  dairy  products, 
and  leaf  tobacco  are  shipped ;  a  County  Training 
School  for  Teachers  is  here.  Westward,  near  the 
river,  is  Battle  Hollow  (Fig.  21),  the  scene  of  a 
struggle  in  the  Black  Hawk  War.  Still  farther 
south  we  come  to  Prairie  dii  Chieii,  one  of  the 
oldest  towns  in  the  state.  Settled  in  1783,  the 
village,  with  Fort  Crawford,  the  ruins  of  which 
may  be  seen  near  by,  was  taken  by  the  British 
in  1812  and  held  until  1816.  Its  manufactures 
include  woolens  and  pearl  buttons.  Here  are 
fine  artesian  wells,  and  the  city  has  one  of  the 
best  sanitariums  in  the  valley. 

On  the  Black  River,  about  five  miles  north  of 
La  Crosse  and  in  the  same  county,  is  the  thriv- 
ing town  of  Onalaska,  and  much  farther  up  the 
valley  of  the  Black,  Black  River  Falls,  county 
seat  of  Jackson  County.  Here  the  river  fur- 
nishes abundant  water 
power,  which  is  begin- 
ning to  be  used  by- 
growing  industries.  To 
the  northeast  of  Black 
River  Falls,  in  a  pros- 
perous stock-raising  and 
farming  region,  lies 
Neillsville.  county  seat 
of  Clark  County,  which 
has  thriving  manufac- 
tures of  flour,  lumber, 
and  furniture. 

Northwestward    from 


44 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


La  Crosse,  in  Buffalo  County,  we  find,  on  the 
.Mississippi,  Fountain  City  and  Alma,  and  to  the 
north  and  east  of  Alma,  Mondovi,  all  growing 
towns.  Alma,  the  county  seat  of  the  county, 
has  a  County  Training  School  for  Teachers.  To 
the  northeast  of  Fountain  City,  on  the  Trem- 
pealeau River  lies  Arcadia,  the  chief  town  of 
Trempealeau  County. 

Beyond  these  places  we  reach  the  tributary 
valley  of  the  Chippewa  with  the  flourishing 
towns  of  Eaii  Claire  and  Chippewa  Falls.  Eau 
Claire  (Fig.  84),  second  city  in  size  in  this  region, 
is  the  outlet  of  the  Chippewa 
lumber  district.  With  abun- 
<;lant  water  power  and  ad- 
jacent to  timber  lands,  it 
naturally  has  become  the 
center  of  great  lumber  inter- 
ests. Besides  extensive  lum- 
ber mills  it  has  foundries, 
paper  and  linen  mills,  and 
factories  for  furniture, 
refrigerators,  and  sawmill 
machinery.  Three  public 
parks,  a  library,  and  fine 
school  buildings  add  to  its 
attractiveness;  here  is  a 
Cotmty  Training  School  for 
Teachers.  To  the  southwest 
of  Eau  Claire,  and  on  the 
same  bank  of  the  Chippewa, 
lies  DitranJ,  the  county  seat 
of  Pepin  County. 

Chippewa  Falls,  on  the 
Chippewa  River  a  few  miles 
to  the  northeast  of  Eau 
Claire,  also  with  abundant 
water  power,  is  a  center  of  large  and  growing 
mdustries.  Its  industrial  plants  turn  out  beet 
sugar,  lumber,  woodenware,  flour,  shoes,  gloves, 
woolens,  and  foundry  products.  The  county 
seat  of  Chippewa  County,  it  has  a  large  court 
house,  a  public  library,  and  the  buildings  of 
the  State  Home  for  Feeble  Minded  and  for  the 
Insane.  Directly  east  of  Chippewa  Falls,  is 
Stanley,  a  growing  railroad  town. 

Southeast  of  Eau  Claire  and  in  the  same 
county,  lies  Augusta,  a  center  of  flourishing 
manufactures  of  lumber  and  flour.     Northwest, 


Fig.  85.     Map  of  Superior  atui  vicinity. 


on  Red  Cedar  River,  is  Menominee,  the  county 
seat  of  Dunn  County,  with  thriving  industries, 
including  lumber  and  flour,  brick  and  foundry 
and  machine  shop  products;  the  Stout  Train- 
ing Schools  for  Manual  Training  and  Domestic 
Science,  a  County  Training  School  for  Teachers, 
and  a  School  of  Agriculture,  are  located  here. 

In  the  tributary  valleys  west  of  Menominee 
lie  Spring  Valley.  Ellsworth,  River  Falls,  and 
Prescott,  a  group  of  flourishing  towns,  all  in 
Pierce  County.  Chief  of  the  group  is  River  Falls 
with  water  power  utilized  by  rolling  mills  and  a 
starch  factory;  here  is  a 
State  Normal  School.  Ells- 
worth, southeast  of  River 
Falls,  is  the  county  seat. 
To  the  north,  in  St.  Croix 
County,  we  find  Hudson, 
New  Richmond,  and  Glen- 
li'ood,  another  cluster  of 
thriving  towns.  Hudson, 
county  seat  and  chief  city  of 
the  county,  lies  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  St.  Croi.x,  here 
navigable  for  large  steam- 
boats; the  town  has  brew- 
eries, car  and  repair  shops, 
bo.x,  sash  and  door  factories, 
and  a  large  market  trade. 
Farther  to  the  northeast 
in  Barron  County,  the  popu- 
lation has  centered  in  the 
busy  and  growing  towns  of 
Rice  Lake,  Barron,  and 
Cumberland.  Rice  Lake,  on 
the  Red  Cedar  River,  the 
chief  city  of  the  county,  in 
the  center  of  a  rich  farming  and  dairying  region, 
is  the  seat  of  milling  and  lumbering''interests ;  a 
County  Training  School  for  Teachers  is  here. 
Barron,  about  nine  miles  southwest  of  that  place, 
is  the  county  seat.  Northward  from  Barron  lies 
Shell  Lake,  county  seat  of  Washburn  County. 
East  and  farther  to  the  north,  we  find  Hayward, 
the  county  seat  of  Sawyer  County,  with  large 
sawmills,  and  the  location  of  a  Government 
Indian  School. 

Lake  Superior  Towns.     In  the  extreme  north- 
western part  of  the  state  in  a  region  adjacent 


SUPERIOR  AND 
VICINITY 

Scale 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


45 


to  rich  ore  deposits,  stands  Superior,  the  second 
city  of  the  state  in  size  and  commercial  impor- 
tance, and  Ashland  (Fig.  86),  the  outlet  of  the 
Penokee-Gogebic  Iron  District. 

Superior,  at  the  western  extremity  of  Lake 
Superior,  with  a  splendid  harbor  (Figs.  55  and 
85),  and  at  the  meeting  point  of  six  great  rail- 
roads, has  unrivaled  transportation  facilities 
and  an  extensive  trade  both  by  water  and  rail. 
(Fig.  54.)  The  city  is  an  important  shipping 
point  for  grain,  lumber,  and  iron  ore,  and  has 
great  docks  for  receiving  and  distributing  coal. 
Here  are  located  lumber  and  steel  mills  and 
important  shipyards  where  are  built  many  large 
steel  freight  boats.  (Fig.  56.)  The  growth  of 
Superior  has  been  phenomenal,  the  number  of 
its  people  more  than  doubling  between  1890  and 
1900  and  increasing 
nearly  45  per  cent,  in 
the  next  five  years. 
Much  of  historic  inter- 
est centers  about  the 
site  of  this  Wisconsin 
city,  Radisson  and 
Groseilliers  making  it 
their  headquarters  in 
1 66 1  and  Du  Lhut  estab- 
lishing a  trading  post 
there  in  1680.  A  State 
Normal  School  is  located 
at  Superior. 

Asliland,  also  an  im- 
portant lake  shipping  port,  lies  on  Chequamegon 
Bay,  one  of  the  finest  harbors  on  the  Great 
Lakes.  Its  exports  include  large  quantities  of 
lumber  and  iron  ore,  and  it  is  the  seat  of  flour- 
ishing lumber  mills,  blast  furnaces,  foundries 
and  machine  shops,  and  pulp  works.  It  is  the 
county  seat  of  Ashland  County  and  has  excel- 
lent schools.  Northward,  in  and  beyond  Che- 
quamegon Bay  and  in  view  of  the  city,  lie  the 
Apostle  Islands,  rich  in  historic  associations  and 
beauty  of  scenery  and  yearly  visited  by  increas- 
ing numbers  of  tourists. 

About  ten  miles  east  of  Ashland  is  Odanah, 
with  lumbering  interests,  and  to  the  north  of 
Ashland  on  the  west  shore  of  Chequamegon 
Bay,  Washburn,  the  county  seat  of  Bayfield 
County,      Washburn    has    a    good    harbor    and 


Iro)!  a]id  slccl 
iron  ore 


exports  grain,  lumber,  and  brownstone  and  has 
a  number  of  thriving  industries.  On  the  lake, 
twelve  miles  farther  to  the  northeast,  lies  Bay- 
field, a  favorite  summer  resort.  It  is  the  seat 
of  a  State  Fish  Hatchery  (Fig.  18),  has  exten- 
sive fisheries,  a  fish-packing  plant,  and  quarries. 
In  the  same  county,  westward  from  Ashland,  is 
Iron  River,  a  growing  lumber  town,  and  still  far- 
ther to  the  west  in  Douglas  County,  the  thriv- 
ing railroad  town  of  Lake  Ncbagamon,  where 
lumbering  is  carried  on. 

Towns  of  the  Highland  Region.  Here  and 
there  in  the  valleys  of  the  Highland  a  number 
of  thriving  towns  have  grown  up.  Chief  among 
these  places  in  the  valley  of  the  Wisconsin  are 
Antigo  and  Rhinelandcr. 

Antigo,  the  county  seat  of  Langlade  County, 
on  the  extreme  southern 
edge  of  the  Highland, 
turns  out  extensive 
manufactures  of  wood- 
enware,  is  the  seat  of 
flouring  and  lumber 
mills,  breweries,  foun- 
dries, and  railroad  shops, 
and  has  a  County  Train- 
ing School  for  Teachers. 
Rhinelandcr ,  the  county 
seat  of  Oneida  County, 
about  thirty-six  miles  to 
the  north  and  west  of 
Antigo,  is  on  the  Wis- 
consin River  where  it  receives  the  Pelican,  the 
Pelican  Rapids  affording  fine  water  power  for 
large  lumber  interests,  factories  for  paper,  refrig- 
erators, and  veneers,  and  for  boiler  and  iron 
works.  Still  farther  north  in  the  valley  stands 
Eagle  River,  the  county  seat  of  Vilas  County. 

On  the  Montreal  River,  at  the  crossing  of  two 
railroads  and  directly  on  the  border  of  the 
state,  stands  Hurley,  the  county  seat  of  Iron 
County,  an  outlet  for  ore  (Fig.  35)  from  the 
Gogebic  Range  and  for  lumber.  Far  to  the 
south  of  that  place  on  the  Big  Elk,  a  tributary 
of  the  Chippewa,  we  find  Phillips,  the  county 
seat  of  Price  County,  and  the  site  of  a  County 
Training  School  for  Teachers.  Continuing  south- 
ward we  reach  the  edge  of  the  Highland  and 
Medjord,  the  county  seat  of  Taylor  County. 


•urks  at  Aihland,  a  great 
center. 


46 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


///.     STATISTICS  AND  AIDS  TO  TEACHERS 


Statistics  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin  by  Counties,  Federal  Census  of  1900  and  1910. 


Adams 

Ashland 

Barron 

Bayfield 

Brown 

Buffalo 

Burnett 

Calumet 

Chippewa 

Clark 

Columbia 

Crawford 

Dane 

Dodge 

Duor 

Douglas 

Dunn 

Eau  Claire. .  . . 

Florence 

Fond  du  Lac  . 

Forest 

Grant 

Green 

Green  Lake.  .. 

Iowa 

iron 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Juneau 

Kenosha 

Kewaunee.  .  . . 

La  Crosse 

Lafayette 

Langlade 

Lincoln. 

Manitowoc  .  . . 
Marathon  .  .  . . 

Marinette 

Marquette  ,  .  . . 
Milwaukee. .  . . 

Monroe 

Oconto 

Untida 

Outagamie  .  . . 

Ozaukee 

Pepin 

Pierce 

P.jlk 

Portage 

Price 

Racine 

Richland 

Rock 

Rusk 

St.  Croix 

Sauk 

Sawyer 

Shawano  

Sheboygan  .  . . 

Taylor 

Trempealeau  . 

Vernon 

Vilas 

Walworth 

Washburn .  .  . . 
Washington. .. 
Waukesha.  .  . . 

Waupaca 

Waushara. .  . . 
Winnebago.  . . 
Wood 


ORGANI- 
ZATION 


SS2 

856 
861 

866 

818 
853 
856 
836 
845 
S53 

846 
818 
S39 

836 

SSI 

856 
856 


S36 
885 
836 

8?5 
859 
820 
893 
853 
8S3 
856 
850 
852 
8si 
846 
880 
866 
836 
851 
879 
836 
834 
856 
851 
885 
851 
8S3 
8sS 
8S3 
8S3 
836 
879 
836 
846 
836 

QOI 
838 
838 
883 
856 
836 

87  S 
856 
8si 
893 
S36 
S83 
836 
846 
851 
851 
838 
S56 


6S2 
930 
878 

1,497 
518 
662 
881 
317 

l,9.iS 

1,200 
776 
557 

1,188 
884 
454 

1,319 
844 
620 
498 
720 

1,421 

',157 
576 
364 
763 
786 
978 
548 
700 
274 

327 

47S 

634 

8SS 

885 

S90 

1. 532 

1.396 

451 

228 

915 

1,080 

QOO 
634 
226 
238 

543 
933 
800 
1,241 
323 
576 
706 

711 
820 
1.342 
1. 135 
510 
96s 
7  34 
702 
907 
562 
834 
423 
562 
749 
639 
472 
7S5 


POPULATION 


1910 


8,604 
21,965 
29.114 
15.9S7 
54,098 
16,606 

9.026 
16,701 
32,103 
30,074 
31.129 
16.2S8 
77.43S 
47.436 
1S.711 
47.422 
25,260 
32,721 

3.381 
51 ,610 

6,782 
39.007 
21.641 
15.491 
22.497 

8,306 
17.075 
34.306 
19.569 
32.929 
16.7S4 
43.996 
20,075 
17,062 
19,064 
44,978 
55,054 
33,812 
10,741 
433,187 
28,881 
25,657 
11,433 
49.102 
17.123 

7.577 
22.070 
21.367 
30.94s 
13.795 
57.424 
18,809 
55,538 
11,160 
25,910 
32,869 

6,227 
31,884 
54.888 
13.641 
22,028 
28,116 

6,019 
29,614 

8,196 
23.7S4 
37  100 
32.7S2 
18.SS6 
62  116 
30,583 


1900 


9,141 
20,1  76 
23,677 
14,392 
46,359 
16,76s 

7,478 
17.07S 
33,037 
25,848 
31,121 
17,286 
69,435 
46,63: 
17,583 
36,335 
25,043 
31,692 

3,197 
47,589 

I .  ^06 
38.881 
22.719 
15,797 
23,114 

6.616 
17,466 
34,789 
20,029 
21,707 
17,212 
42.007 
20.059 
12.553 
16,269 
42,261 
43,256 
30.K22 
io,so9 
330.017 
28,103 
20,874 

8,875 
46,247 
16,363 

7,005 
23,043 
17.801 
29.483 

9,106 
45,644 
19,483 
51,203 


26,830 
33,006 

3,503 
27,475 
50,345 
1 1,262 
23,114 
28,351 

4,929 
20.259 

5.521 
23.589 
35.229 
31.615 
15.972 
58,225 
25,865 


1890 


6,889 
20.063 
15,416 

7,390 
30,164 
15,907 

4,303 
l6,6j9 

25,143 
17,708 
28,350 
15,087 
50,578 
44,084 
15,682 
13,468 
22,604 
30,673 

2,604 
44,oS8 

1 .01  2 
36,651 
22,732 
15,163 
22,117 


15,707 
33.530 
17.121 
15.581 
16,153 
38,801 
20,265 

9.46s 
12,008 
37.831 
30,369 
20. ,504 

9,676 

236,101 

23,211 

15,009 

S,oio 
38,690 
14,943 

6,932 
20,38s 
12,968 
24,708 

5,25s 
36,268 
19,121 
43,220 


23,139 
30,575 

1,977 
19,236 
42,489 

6,731 
18,020 
25, 111 

27,860 
2,926 
22,751 
33,270 
26,704 
13,507 
S°,097 
18.127 


FARM  PKOPERTY 
INCLUDING 
LIVE    STOCK 


*    4,214,007 

1 ,030.000 

6,374,063 

615,578 

13,431,078 

9.892,567 

1,670,203 

13,225.038 

8,227,687 

10,330.664 

21,062,925 

6,808,630 

45,093,903 

41,185,085 

6,027,645 

722,109 

8,748,003 

6,939,454 

304,006 

31,274,129 

113.355 

26.305,272 

20.770,174 

10,472,224 

16,823,981 

160,160 

7,100,396 

25,421.946 

8.378,389 

11,167,37s 

7,762,206 

9,298,824 

20,015,551 

2,275,044 

1.724,431 

20j275,o86 

10,688,438 

2,850,096 

5,389.342 

28,373,622 

11.858,166 

5,891,809 

506,628 

16,711.062 

11,497,728 

3,254,906 

10,733,104 

6,458,007 

8,577,154 

1,147,805 

25,570,940 

10,572,133 

20,974,313 


12,022,751 

16.740,044 

291,133 

9,3°7,3l8 
21,756,901 

1,983.091 
11,923.019 
13,556,799 
145,401 
24,590,235 
702,311 
20,060,303 
27,021,943 
12,478.155 

9,262.138 
17.471,199 

6.199.758 


PRODUCTS 
NOT  FED  TO 
LIVE  STOCK 


$  882.955 

241,203 

1,056,385 

123,070 

1,693,003 

1,700,043 

349,366 

1,663,588 

1,352,134 

1,304,210 

2.842,733 

1,257,924 

7,053,339 

5,007,178 

1,014,125 

106,785 

1,435,604 

1,202,655 

94,292 

4,022,893 

16.008 

3,996.123 

3.038.570 

1,406,458 

2,557,961 

39,104 

1.261,086 

3,454,289 

1,218,539 

1,466,748 

1,119,539 

1,521,423 

2,876,78s 

379.249 

398,298 

2,622,107 

1,713,544 

441,507 

058,311 

2.220,260 

2,027.417 

834,744 

105,539 

2,239,639 

1,222,335 

612,518 

1,873,744 

1,025,1 16 

1,450,432 

253,333 

1,879,190 

1,783,445 

4,353,215 

1,820,148 
2,725,361 

SO, 104 
1,306,02s 
3,058.622 

305,056 

1,876,059 

2,356,560 

19.606 

3.305.S03 

140,21 1 
2,310,976 
3,070.001 
1,815,641 
1.750.178 
2,233,350 

705,164 


MANUFAC- 
TURES 


$  87.303 
6,426,259 
1,480,220 
3,070,016 
5,686, 186 

464,025 

173,054 

910,218 
4.537,176 
1,297,458 
1.278,161 

604,703 
5,892,362 
4,012,429 

074,741 
8,033,218 
2,123,056 
5,661,41s 
41,835 
6,993,880 
76,164 
1,307.405 
1.715.624 
1,1 10,360 
1,469,227 
1,185,581 

510,083 
5,129,707 

785. 6S7 
7,944,813 

956.974 
9.S07.887 

822.153 
1,289,081 
4,554,102 
4,785,576 
7,463.1 16 
6,972,616 

441,743 
140.252.383 
1.594. 664 
2.597.916 
3.139.307 
9.1  27.604 
1,980,197 

261 .823 
1,1 18,421 
1,221 .507 
2.S10.263 
1,682,1.^1 
15,643,783 

795,448 
8,090,447 


3,028,821 
1,876,650 

984,198 
1,770,751 
9,652,106 
2,1  52,671 
1,111,882 

709,669 
1,875.130 
2.515.S72 

81S.O18 
1,808,599 
2.292,786 
1,936,737 

447,050 

13,848,239 

3,787,275 


COUNTY  SEAT 


Friendship 

Ashland 

Barron 

"Washburn 

Green  Bay 

Alma 

Grantsburg 

Chilton 

Chippewa  Falls .  . 

Neillsville 

Portage .  ,  , 

Prairie  du  Chien . 

Madison 

Juneau 

Sturgeon  Bay  . . . 

Superior 

Menomonie 

Eau  Claire 

Florence 

Fond  du  Lac  .... 

Crandon 

Lancaster 

Monroe 

Dartford 

Dodgeville 

Hurley 

Black  River  Falls 

Jefferson 

Mauston 

Kenosha 

Kewaunee 

La  Crosse 

Darlington 

Antigo 

Merrill 

Manitowoc 

Wausau. 

Marinette 

Montello 

Milwaukee 

Sparta 

Oconto 

Rhinelander 

Appleton 

Port  Washington. 

Durand. 

Ellsworth 

Balsam  Lake. .  .  . 
Stevens  Point  . .  . 

Phillips 

Racine ... 

Richland  Center.. 

Janesville 

Ladysmith 

Hudson 

Baraboo 

Hayward 

Shawano 

Sheboygan 

Medford 

Whitehall 

Viroqua 

Eagle  River 

Elkhom 

Shell  Lake 

West  Bend 

Waukesha 

Waupaca 

Wautoma 

Oshkosh 

Grand  Rapids  . . . 


POPULATION 


1910 


276 

11.504 
1.449 
3.830 

25.236 
1 ,011 
721 
I.S30 
8,803 
1.957 
5. 440 
3.140 

25.531 
1.003 
4.262 

40.384 
5.036 

18.310 
1.S3S 

18.797 
1.833 
2.329 
4.410 
*527 
1.701 


1.917 
2.582 
1.701 

21.371 
1.839 

30.417 
1.808 
7.196 
8,680 

13,027 

16,560 

14,610 
1.104 
373.857 
3.973 
5,629 
S.637 

16.773 
3.792 
1.S03 
1.005 
279 
8,692 
1,94s 

38,002 
2,652 

13,894 
2,352 

2,810 
6,324 
2,869 
2,923 
26,398 
1,846 
703 

2  059 

1  141 

1.707 

902 

2,462 

8,740 

2.789 

064 

33,062 

6,521 


1900 


588 
13,074 

1,493 
6,814 

18,684 
1,201 
612 
1,460 
8,094 
2,104 
5,459 
3,232 

19,164 

So  I 

3,372 

31,001 
5,655 

17,517 
1.824 

15.110 
706 
2.403 
3.927 
450 
1.865 
2,267 
1,938 
2,584 
1,718 

11,606 
1,773 

28,805 
1,808 
5,145 
8,5.n 

Il,7b6 

12,354 

16,195 
1,325 
285,315 
3,555 
S.646 
4.99S 

15.085 
3.010 
1,458 
1.052 
757 
9,524 
1,820 

29,103 
2,321 

13,185 


3,259 
5,751 
2,720 
1.863 

22,962 
1  758 
600 
1,950 
1.356 
1. 731 
1,823 
2,1 19 
7.419 
2,912 
1,060 

28,284 
4,493 


*Census  of  1905 


The  Population  of  Wisconsin  at  Each  Federal  Census  from  1840  to 

I9IO. 

YEAR 

RELA- 
TIVE 
RANK 

POPULATION 

INCREASE 
IN  TEN 
YEARS 

PERCENT- 
AGE   OF 
INCREASE 

DENSITY 

PER 
SQ.  MILE 

YEAR 

RELA- 
TIVE 
RANK 

POPULATION 

INCREASE 
IN  TEN 
YEARS 

PERCENT- 
AGE OF 
INCREASE 

DENSITY 

PER 
SQ.  MILE 

1840 

30 
24 
IS 
IS 

30,94s 

.    305.391 

775.881 

1,054,670 

274,446 
470,490 
278,789 

886!  9 

1541 

35-9 

o.S 

5.6 
14.2 
19.4 

1880 

1890 

16 

14 
■3 
13 

1.315.497 
1,686,880 
2,009.042 
2,333.800 

260,827 
371.383 
376,030 
264,818 

22.3 
12.8 

24.2 
311 
38.0 
42.2 

1910 

THE  GEOGRAPnY  OF  WISCONSIN 


47 


State  or  Country  of  Birth  of  the  Population. 


STATE  NUMBER 

Native  to  State 1,304.018 

New  York 58.338 

Illinois 33.331 

Minnesota 24,234 

Michigan 22,888 

Ohio 10,036 

Pennsylvania 16,470 

Iowa 11,032 

Indiana 8.646 

Vermont 6,008 

Massachusetts 5,760 

Maine 5,4i8 

Missouri 3,608 

South  Dakota 2,810 

Nebraska 2,653 

All  other  states  and 

territories 21,315 

Native  population  .  .  1,553,071 

Total  population 


COUNTRY 


NUMBER 


Germany 242,777 


Norway. 

Canada 

Poland 

Sweden 

Ireland 

En^;land 

Denmark 

Bohemia 

Switzerland 

Austria 

Holland 

Scotland 

Belgium 

Russia 

All  other  countries  . 
Foreign  population. 


61,575 

33,051 

30,421 

26,106 

23.S44 

17.00s 

16,171 

14.145 

7,666 

7.310 

6,406 

4.560 

4.412 

4.243 

14.401 

S15.071 


2.060,042 


Population  of  the  Principal  Cities  of  Wisconsin  at  Each 
Federal  Census  from  1850  to  191  o. 


CITY 


Milwaukee  ... 

Superior 

Racine 

Oshkosh 

La  Crosse  .... 
Sheboygan  ... 

Madison 

Green  Bay.  ... 

Kenosha 

Fond  du  Lac.  . 
Eau  Claire.  . .  . 

Appleton 

Wausau 

Beloit 

Marinette  .... 
Janesville  .... 
Manitowoc  . . . 

Ashland 

Chippewa  Falls 
Watertuwn  . . . 
Waukesha.  .  .  . 
Stevens  Point. 

Merrill 

Antigo 

Beaver  Dam .  . 
West  Allis.  .  .. 
Grand  Rapids. 

Baraboo 

S.  Milwaukee . . 

Menasha 

Marshfield. . .  . 

Neenah 

Rhinelander  . . 
Oconto 

Portage 

Menomunie. .  . 
Two  Rivers. .  . 

Stoughton. . . . 

Kaukauna.  . . . 

Berlin 

De  Pere 

Platteville 

Monroe 

Sturgeon  Bay. 

Sparta 

Rice  Lake 

Ft.  Atkinson.  . 

Washburn.  .  .  . 

Pt. Washington. 

Ripon 

Cudahy  

Tomah 

New  London . 

Waupun  .... 

Wauwatosa. . 

Whitewater  . 

Burlington  . . 

Prairie  du  Chien 

Plymouth  . . . 

Lake  Geneva 

Oconomowoc 

Hartford    . . . 

Mineral  Point . . 

Shawano  

Tomahawk  .... 

Hudson 


857285, 

384  31 

002 

,062 

417 

?oS 

531 
236 
371 
707 
310 
773 
560 
125 
610 
804 
7 
504 
803 
29 
740 
602 
,680 
106 
75S 
645 
521 
324 
,002 
,oSi 
783 
734 
637 
620 
440 
036 
850 
761 
,717 
,636 
477 
452 
410 
262 
973 
068 
,877 
830 
792 
.730 
,001 
419 
3S3 
,362 
346 
224 


21 
140 
.004 
,070 
054 
082 
925 
923 
907 
810I 


5 
001 
102 
2,84 
So  5 
062 
164 
684 
606 
1  10 
517 
085 
354 
436 
195 
18s 
7S6 
,074 
.004 
437 
410 
524 
537 
14s 
128 


204,468 
11,083 

21  ,014 
22,836 
2 '1,090 
16,359 
13.426 
0,00o 

6,532 
12,024 

17,415 

11, 860 

9,253 

6,31s 

11,523 

10,836 

7.710 

9.956 

8.670 

8.755 

6,?2I 

7,8g6 
6,800 
4.424 
4,222 


493 
751 
302 
589 
240 
954 
998 
,646 
.459 
.655 
.7S4 
.431 
.115 
,489 
1O38 
i340 
.927 
.372 
.555 
,002 
,043 


,010 

,818 

,366 

,840 

,74 

,185 

,84 

,40s 

,526 

,232 

,257 

,585 

,880 

,632 

,99 

.863 

.291 

.259 


1,702 
4,60s 


4.581 
3.450 
S.083 
2.658 
5.219 
5. 143 
5.491 
2.S70 
2.470 
4.667 
4.149 
3.625 
2,740 
3.76S 
2.105 
2.795 
2,130 
2,283 


1.659 
3.358 


2,100 
2.050 
2.757 


4,350 
2,043 
3.131 
1.503 
2.297 
2,729 
1,296 
2,604 
1,505 
I,Sl6 
2.885 


1S80      1870      1S60      1S50 


15.5S7 


71.440 


16,031 

IS. 748 

14.50S 

7.314 

10,324 

7,464 

5,030 

13.004 

lo,r  10 

8,005 

4.277 

4.700 

2,750 

O.oiS 

6.367 


3.9S2 
7.883 
2.960 
4.449 


3.416 


1,350 
3.266 


3.144 

669 

4,202 


4.171 

4.346 

2.580 

2,05 

1.353 

834 
3.353 
1.054 
2,687 
3.293 
1,199 
2.387 

362 
1,969 


1,386 
3.117 


1.24s 
l,8oS 
2,353 


3.617 
1,611 
2,777 
1,052 
1.969 
2,174 
1,343 
2,015 
800 

2.298 


45,246 


9,S8o 
12,663 
9.270 
5.310 
0,1  70 
4,666 
4.300 
12,764 
2,203 
4.518 
1,340 
4.396 


8.7S0 
S.168 


2.507 
7.550 
2.633 
1,810 


3.265 


1,115 
1,52s 


2,484 
2.655 


2.655 
3.045 


1.365 
985 


2.777 
1.372 
2.537 
3.40S 


2.314 
2,010 


2,976 


837 
1,01  5 
1,935 


1.589 

2,700 


997 
1,40 


1.748 


20,061 


7,822 
6,oS6 
3.S60 
4.262 
6,611 
2.275 

1.565 
5.450 


2.330 

543 

4.098 


7,702 
3.OS0 


5.302 

1.436 

148 


2.764 


1.360 
1,436 


1,296 


884 
3.870 


1,440 

50S 


930 
1,284 


468 
1,720 


1,097 
699 


2.389 


I.S68 


Population  of  the  Principal  Cities— 

-Continued 

CITV 

1910 

1000 

1890 

iSSo 

1870 

i860 

1850 

Waupaca 

Stanley 

2,780 
2,675 
2,652 
2,615 
2,582 
2,523 
2,513 
2,462 
2.450 
2,352 
2.320 
2,282 
2,082 
2,061 
2,050 
1,001 
1,088 
1,975 
1.972 
1.960 
1,957 
1,948 
1,017 

2,012 
2.387 
2,321 
2,225 
2,584 
2,349 
2,192 
2,119 
2,244 

2,127 

1.392 

1.819 
1.737 
2,287 
1.977 
1.595 
1.296 
2.038 

1.277 
1.331 
2.115 
1,876 
860 
1.273 
1.798 

Reedsburg 

Jefferson 

Columbus 

Edgerton 

West  Bend 

547 

2,176 
1,888 

461 

1,360 
802 

550 
288 

1,058 
1,688 

Delavan 

Ladysmith 

1,540 

2,403 
l,Sl5 
1.738 
1,864 
1,950 
2,008 
1,631 

1.543 
1.165 
l.ois 
1.523 
1,270 
1,783 
1,408 

1,069 

1,051 

048 

I,o6S 
762 

1.490 
720 

Mayville 

Algoma 

Evansville 

Viroqua 

River  Falls 

741 

272 

Park  Falls 

N    Fond  du  Lac 

2,104 
1,820 
1.938 

1.936 
2,261 

1,050 

170 

1.427 

Phillips 

BlackRiverFalls 

I.IOI 

■■570I 

The  Leading  Manufacturing  Cities  of  Wisconsin  and 

Facts  about  their  Industrial  Plants,  Census 

Bulletin  56,  1905. 


CITY 

NUMBER 

OF 
PLANTS 

NUMBER 
OF    WAGE 
EARNERS 

AMOUNT 

OF 

WAGES  PAID 

VALUE 

OP 

PRODUCT 

1,532 

148 

45 

98 

135 

150 

108 

72 

85 

103 

ss 

44 
76 
37 
73 
37 
73 
84 
34 
32 
42 
37 

43,540 
6,504 
4.354 
6.034 
4.863 
2,644 
2,486 
1,343 
2,566 
2,111 
1.045 
2.471 
1,321 
1.361 
1.348 
1,64s 
1.085 
1,476 
1.518 
727 
744 
598 

Sao.oio.ooo 
3,155,086 
2,243,644 

2,165,1  28 

2,110,628 

l,o65,o,i6 

1,217,03s 

746,283 

1,055,470 

870.302 

807,450 

1,430.420 

533.261 

737.944 

600,257 

861,581 

851.443 

813,311 

672,322 

355.051 

320,876 

215.574 

$138,881,545 

Racine 

16,458,965 

12.362,600 

10,086,648 

Oshkosh 

8,796,705 

6,672,457 

Fond  du  Lac 

5,599.600 

4,644,457 

Beloit 

4,427,816 

3,846.038 

3,601,558 

Merrill 

3,2bo,6i8 

Chippewa  Falls 

2,200.881 

2,o()S.487 

Stevens  Point 

1,516,072 

Value  of  Agricultural  Products  of  Wisconsin,  Rank  of 
State  in  Production,  Leading  County,  Census  of  1900. 


PRODUCT 

RANK 

OF 
STATE 

VALUE    OF 
PRODUCT 

LEADING 
COUNTY 

16 

10 

9 

21 

3 

'"s 

23 

I 

4 

10 

3 

4 

24 

14 

I ,} 
.U 

10 

1 1 

8 

$82,026,316 

48.595. 728 

8,048,511 

1,117.683 

17,931.685 

IS.905.822 

6,916.93s 

5.ii5.,S46 

2,443.946 

281,481 

19,267.700 

392,177 

5.826.552 

2,006,324 

824,603 

206,216 

154.310 

2,898,091 

18,020 

850,292 

267,301 

136,086 

26.779.721 

4,854,020 

1,461,279 

270,742 

Dane 

Dane 

All  vegetables 

Milwaukee 

All  fruits                            .... 

Monroe 

Oats 

Dane 

Corn                                

Dane 

Barley 

Wheat     .                     

St.  Croix 

Rye 

Manitowoc 

Juneau 

Dane 

Washington 

Portage 

Miscellaneous  vegetables. .  .  . 
Peas 

Milwaukee 
Manitowoc 

Brown 

Tobacco                           

Dane 

Juneau 

Grapes  and  small  fruits 

Monroe 

Dane 

Eggs 

Wool 

Fond  du  Lac 

Vernon 

48 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


Value  of  Live  Stock  Owned  in  Wisconsin,  Rank  of  State,  and  Leading  County,  Census  of  1900. 


LIVE    STOCK 

RANK 

OP 
STATE 

VALUE 

OF 

LIVE    STOCK 

LEADING 
COUNTY 

LIVE    STOCK 

RANK 

OF 
STATE 

VALUE 

OP 

LIVE    STOCK 

LEADING 
COUNTY 

I  I 
8 

9 

Sg.i. 521.430 

46,S40,4iS 

34ol6.47S 

7.5«o.423 

Dane 
Dane 
Dane 
Grant 

Sheep 

14 
33 
15 
I  I 

S4. 510.356 

243.493 

3,398.427 

377.105 

Cattle 

Rock 

Dane 

Bees     

Sauk 

Dairy  and  Factory  Products  in  Twenty-five  Leading  Counties  of  Wisconsin,  State  Census  of  1905. 


MILK    PRODUCED   ON 
FARMS 

COUNTY  POUNDS 

Dane 216.Sg6.758 

Jefferson 187.061,372 

Walworth...  166,818.643 

Sheboygan. ..  162,265.681 

Green i4g,4Q7,3i4 

Fond  du  Lac  143,029.533 

Trempealeau.  130,1 30, gs  3 

Sauk 128,680.867 

Grant iio.S42,g84 

Waukesha...  .  115,184,390 

Manitowoc.  . .  1 14,871,401 

Dodge 113.932,651 

Monroe 112, 509, 762 

"Waupaca.  .  .  .  107.192,973 

Outagamie..  .  106.053,330 

Rock 103,649.858 

Buffalo 96,1 18,595 

Iowa 93. 000. 379 

La  Crosse. ...  92,621,969 

Brown 91, 68 1,515 

Clark 91,610,314 

Lafayette. . .  .  91.204.943 

Vernon 91,165,110 

Washington.  .  86,982.388 

Winnebago  .  .  83,531.227 


BUTTER   MADE    ON 

FARMS 
COUNTY  POUNDS 


Marathon 1,218,637 

Vernon 1,177,923 

Jefferson 1,084,281 

Outagamie 1,026.880 

Grant 085,702 

Dane 968.658 

Winnebago 900,685 

Columbia 888,838 

Waukesha S47.241 

Sauk 813.014 

Pierce 79S.020 

Dunn 754.649 

Barron 745.073 

Shawano 733.939 

Rock 697.936 

St.  Croix 6S7.807 

Monroe 678,304 

Clark 672,186 

Door 654,247 

Brown 646,552 

Oconto 622,053 

Juneau 619,612 

Trempealeati —  618,093 

Manitowoc 613.316 

Calumet 590,651 


BUTTER  PRODUCED    IN 
CREAMERIES 
COUNTY  POUNDS 

Jefferson 6,345,891 

Dane 5. 359. 034 

Walworth 4,985,222 

Monroe 3.456,254 

Fond  du  Lac 3,353.116 

Rock 3,046.036 

Sauk 2,927,161 

Trempealeaxi. ...   2 .820.O42 

Dodge 2,777.768 

Waupaca 2,773,624 

Grant 2,397,168 

Waukesha 2,356,823 

La  Crosse 2,347,064 

Waushara 2.159,548 

Clark 2,123.540 

Buffalo i,86S,sog 

Polk 1,832.582 

St.  Croix 1,831,987 

Dunn 1,771.424 

Winnebago 1,730,443 

Portage.  .    1,684,357 

Chippewa 1,589,754 

Racine 1.430,602 

Kenosha. ......    1,414.873 

Barron 1,413.414 


CHEESE    PRODUCED   IN 
FACTORIES 
COUNTY  POUNDS 


Dodge 13,255.660 

Sheboygan 1 1,622,155 

Green 10,529,907 

Manitowoc 7,726,477 

Iowa 5.732,843 

Outagamie 5,086,355 

Lafayette 4,760,762 

Dane 4,587.092 

Fond  du  Lac...  4,018,796 

Washington.. .  3,71 1,905 

Brown 3,442,026 

Richland 3,288,828 

Calumet 3,092,377 

Kewaunee 3,030,1  29 

Winnebago 2,379,636 

Waupaca 2,361,225 

Shawano 2,241,450 

Grant 1.909,948 

Sauk 1,631,794 

Clark 1,529.000 

Ozaukee 1,472,787 

Marathon 1,123.708 

Buffalo 965,021 

Door 880,226 

Jefferson 875,188 


VALUE  OF  ALL    DAIRY 
PRODUCTS 
COUNTY  AMOUNT 


Dane $2,301,053 

Walworth 2,275,849 

Dodge 2,152,880 

Jefferson 1,899,575 

Racine 1,578,485 

Sheboygan. . .  .  1,465,785 

Green 1,452,437 

Fond  du  Lac.  .  1,369,438 

Waukesha  ....  1,211.216 

Monroe 1,063.249 

Sauk 1,060.256 

Waupaca 1,017.010 

Rock 1,01 1 ,940 

Grant 1 .001.2S9 

Winnebago  . .  .  959.576 

Manitowoc...  .  947,910 

Outagamie.  . .  .  924,053 

Vernon 904,922 

Trempealeau.  .  90^,786 

Lafayette 861.638 

Brown 854.395 

Iowa 854.158 

Washington..  .  827,672 

La  Crosse 827.336 

Clark 773. S17 


The  Leading  Manufactures  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin  and  Some  Facts  Concerning  the  Industries, 

Census  Bulletin  56,  1905. 


INDUSTRY 


Lumber  and  timber  products 

Cheese,  butter,  and  condensed  milk 

Foundry  and  machine-shop  products 

Liquors,  malt , 

Flour  and  grist-mill  products 

Leather,  tanned,  curried,  and  finished .  .  .  - 

Paper  and  wood  pulp ... 

Slaughtering  and  meat  packing,  wholesale. 

Furniture 

Planing-mill  products 

Iron  and  steel 

Agricultural  implements 

Malt. 


Printing  and  publishing 

Carriages  and  wagons 

Clothing,  men's,  factory 

Boots  and  shoes 

Cars  and  general  shop  construction  and  repairs  by  steam 

railroad  companies 

Tobacco,  chewing,  smoking,  snuff,  cigars,  and  cigarets. .  . 

Bread  and  bakery  products 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods 

Mattresses  and  spring  beds 

Electrical  machinery,  apparatus,  and  suj^plies 

Boxes,  wooden,  packing 

Gas,  illuminating  and  heating 

Canning  and  preserving,  fruits  and  vegetables 

Structural  iron  work 

Trunks  and  valises 

Stoves  and  furnaces 

Enameling  and  enameled  goods 

Confectionery 

Food  prejiarations 

Gloves  and  mittens,  leather 

Cooperage 

Automobiles 

Brick  and  tile 

Mineral  and  soda  waters 


PLANTS 


576 

2,360 

319 

139 

389 

53 

52 

14 

100 

149 

14 

52 

29 

726 

311 

97 

53 

30 
767 
532 
37 
20 
23 
52 
33 
40 
19 
i6 
zi 
3 
33 
16 
21 

77 

6 

141 

156 


$37,677,205 

5.897.418 

45.349.606 

53.349.054 

10,545,861 

30,409,164 

24,408,918 

4,689,064 

15.510.777 

8.866.582 

6,138.555 

20.837,9g5 

13,097.965 

6,605,200 

9,751,420 

3,685,963 

3.577.649 

3,916,005 
3.153.256 
2,593,208 
4,370,904 
1.938,584 
6,329.351 
1,911,811 
18,868,572 
2,670,510 
2,180,551 
2.571.097 
2,591,149 
3,023.740 
1.336.361 
1.329.593 
1,206,584 
1,515.435 
I  240,006 
3,051,666 
1,406,635 


NUMBER 
OF  WAGE 
EARNERS 


28,118 
22,298 
13.S90 
4.872 
I-35I 
5.556 
6,338 
1.483 
9,212 
4.727 
2,397 
3.569 
535 
3.891 
3,506 
2,811 
3,226 

5.444 
2,810 
1. 714 
4.224 
1.415 
1,204 
1,612 

911 
1,196 

799 
1. 217 
1.359 
1,497 
1,196 

362 

1,396 

1.014 

-   520 

1.638 

357 


AMOUNT 

OF 

WAGES  PAID 


$13,857,446 
1,328,076 
7.878,133 
2,860,297 

719. 6S2 
2,686,904 
2,987,777 

727,164 
3.549.758 
2,227,069 
1.381,553 
1.885,775 

354.981 
1,910,139 
1,724.017 

949.885 
1,247,765 

3,127,564 
1,195.748 
765.457 
1,181,498 
785.037 
672,812 
589,390 
464,465 
391.631 
403.201 
458,322 
665,652 
489.865 
307,263 
156,301 
437.327 
469,666 
299,624 
685,725 
161,053 


MATERIAL 


$15,818,278 

26,406,185 

11,577,021 

5,i84,5g4 

24,756,140 

19.870,887 

10,692,290 

13.684,979 

5. 387. 741 

6,906,760 

6,751,966 

3.519.856 

6.937,298 

2,015,937 

3,725.358 

3.478,516 

4,220,098 

3,071.077 
2.186,248 
3. 151.027 
2,270,472 
1,508,439 
1,020,359 
1,857,964 
818,966 
1,709.797 
1,587,267 
1,438,614 
1.019,270 
1. 251. 838 
1,439,276 
1.020,252 
1,338.968 
1,074,632 
845.348 
553,370 
653.692 


VALUE 

OF 

PRODUCT 


$44,395,766 

29.994.791 

27.463,334 

28,692,340 

28,352,237 

25.845.123 

17.844,174 

16,060,423 

11,569.591 

1 1,210,205 

10,453.750 

10,076,760 

8.740,103 

7.564.008 

7. 511. 392 

6.525.276 

6,513.563 

6,511.731 
6,345.914 
5,380.84s 
4,941.944 
3.527.587 
3. 194. 132 
2,924.579 
2,910,667 
2,847,127 
2,847,440 
2,561,060 
2.444.667 
2,358,600 
2,348,046 
2,21 1,425 
2,208,705 
1 ,892,605 
1.875  259 
1.847.727 
1,734.870 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


49 


SUGGESTIVE  OUESTIONS  TO  ACCOMPANY  THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


Position  and  Size,  (i)  Locate  Wisconsin  in  relation 
to  the  United  States  and  to  the  Great  Interior  Plain  of 
North  America.  (2)  What  commercial  water  ways 
are  accessible?  (3)  Mention  four  features  that  have 
greatly  aided  its  agricultural  and  commercial  develop- 
ment. (4)  Compare  the  original  territory  of  Wis- 
consin with  the  state  of  Wisconsin.  (5)  What  is 
the  latitude  of  the  southern  boundary  of  the  state? 
Of  the  Apostle  Islands?  (6)  What  is  the  extreme 
length  of  the  state  in  degrees  and  minutes?  In 
miles?  Trace  the  water  boundaries.  (7)  Compare 
Wisconsin  with  the  other  Mississippi  basin  states  as  to 
area,  giving  rank.  (8)  AVhat  is  meant  by  commercial 
develo])ment  ? 

Surface  and  Soil,  (i)  What  is  meant  by  drainage 
waters  ?  Of  what  basin  are  the  St.  Croix  and  Wisconsin 
rivers  a  part?  In  what  way  does  the  Great  Lakes 
Basin  finally  drain  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  (2)  AVhat 
is  volcanic  rock?  What  story  does  it  tell  of  what 
happened  ages  ago?  (3)  How  does  northern  and  cen- 
tral Wisconsin  of  fifty  years  ago  compare  with  the 
same  region  to-day?  (4)  Compare  natural  resources, 
industries,  character  of  people,  means  of  transporta- 
tion, cities.  (5)  What  is  water  power?  (6)  Explain 
the  terms  "glaciated  region"  and  "glacial  inva- 
sion." (7)  How  has  the  work  of  the  ancient  glacier 
liindered  the  farmer  of  to-day?  How  has  it  helped 
him?  (8)  State  the  varieties  of  soil  found  in  Wiscon- 
sin and  the  locality  in  which  each  is  found.  What 
soil  prevails  in  your  section,  and  what  is  the  leading 
product  ?  (g)  Is  Wisconsin  likely  to  increase  in  agri- 
cultural importance'     In  manufacturing? 

Geological  Growth,  (i)  What  science  enables  us 
to  read  the  record  of  the  growth  of  land  area?  Has  it 
always  remained  the  same?  What  recent  happenings 
inake  you  realize  that  the  earth's  surface  is  still 
changing?  (2)  What  and  where  was  the  Isle  Wis- 
consin?    (Fig.  5.)      Is  any  part  of  it  still  in  existence? 

(3)  How  does  the  weather  act  on  the  surface  of  rocks? 

(4)  What  is  detritus?  How  is  it  distributed  by  the 
action  of  water?  (5)  How  are  the  basins  and  valleys 
formed  in  new  land  area  ?  (6)  What  is  meant  by  the 
"old  land  of  Missouri?"  (7)  How  long  do  you  think 
the  geological  growth  of  the  surface  may  have  con- 
tinued ?  (8)  Is  the  character  of  the  surface  and  soil 
undergoing  any  changes  now?  Note  the  changes  you 
have  observed  after  a  heavy  rainfall . 

Glaciation.  (i)  What  was  the  Great  Ice  Sheet? 
What  ]:)art  of  the  United  States  was  affected  by  it  ?  (Adv. 
Geog.,  Fig.  180.)  (2)  How  do  we  know  that  it  ever 
existed?  (3)  What  causes  ice  sheets?  (4)  What 
was  the  effect  of  this  heavy,  rigid  ice  on  the  earth's 
surface?  (5)  In  Fig.  7  Stand  Rock  is  shown.  What 
caused  its  peculiar  shape  ?  (6)  Is  the  rock  formation 
in  Fig.  16  from  a  similar  cause?  (7)  What  and 
where   is   the   driftless   area?      (8)      How  were   glacial 


lakes  formed  ?  What  changes  did  these  often  make 
in  the  rivers?  What  effect  followed?  (9)  What 
natural  features  of  the  state  were  the  result  of  the 
great  ice   sheet  ? 

Drainage,  (i)  AVhat  river  with  its  tributaries 
drains  the  greater  part  of  the  state?  What  rivers 
drain  into  Lake  Michigan?  Into  Lake  Superior? 
(2)  What  river  system  is  included  with  the  basin  of 
the  Great  Lakes?  On  Fig.  3  locate  the  divide  that 
separates  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi  from  those  of 
the  St.  Lawrence.  (3)  Trace  a  water  route  from 
Portage  to  New  Orleans.  From  Portage  to  Rochester, 
N.  Y.  (4)  What  special  service  have  the  St.  Croix 
and  Chippewa  rivers  rendered  the  state?  (5)  What 
early  explorers  used  the  Fox- Wisconsin  route?  The 
St.  Croix-Brule?  (6)  Trace  a  water  route  from  tlie 
Mississippi  River  to  the  Great  Lakes.  (7)  In  what 
ways  have  rivers  helped  to  determine  the  location  of 
cities  and  railroads?  (8)  Describe  fully  the  Wisconsin 
River;  the  Rock;  the  Fox;  the  St.  Louis;  Brule; 
Montreal;  St.  Croix.  (9)  Of  what  value  to  Wisconsin 
are  her  lakes?  (10)  Explain  the  terms  "sea  level;" 
"above  sea  level;"  how   is   the   measurement  inade  ? 

Climate,  (i)  What  inland  climatic  conditions 
prevail  in  most  large  land  areas?  (2)  In  what  way 
do  the  Great  Lakes  modify  the  climate  ?  (3)  Is  this 
generally  true  of  large  bodies  of  water?  (4)  What  do 
you  understand  by  the  term  "mean  annual  rainfall?" 
(5)  Consult  the  inap  (Fig.  13)  and  find  a  record  for 
your  vicinity.  (6)  What  wind  usually  brings  rain  to 
Wisconsin  ?  What  is  the  average  annual  storm  track  ? 
(7)  Which  has  the  more  equable  climate — the  northern 
or  the  southern  part?  Why?  State  result  of  this  on 
products  and  industries.  (8)  Is  the  climate  as  favor- 
able to  agriculture  as  that  of  the  states  farther  west  ? 
(g)  What  means  are  employed  to  render  land  fruitful, 
by  the  people  of  a  state  in  which  the  average  rainfall 
is  low,  or  unevenly  distributed?  (10)  Find  on  Fig.  15 
a  red  line  (isotherm)  marked  70  degrees;  near  what 
places  does  it  pass?  (11)  What  does  this  line  show? 
Explain  the  term  "average  annual  temperature." 
(12)  Find  the  isotherm  nearest  your  home;  what  is 
your  annual  average  ?  (13)  Who  attends  to  measur- 
ing the  rainfall  and  the  temperature?  Is  the  fall  of 
snow  counted  as  rainfall  ?     Why  ? 

Scenery,  (i)  What  is  scenery?  What  makes 
scenery  beautiful?  (2)  What  are  the  Dalles  of  the 
Wisconsin  and  St.  Croix  rivers?  What  river  of  the 
Pacific  slope  is  famed  for  its  Dalles?  (3)  What  is  a 
glacial  lake  ?  About  how  many  are  there  in  the  state  ? 
(4)  What  islands  are  noted  for  beauty  of  scenery? 
In  what  way  are  these  connected  with  a  natural  feature 
of  the  state? 

Native  Animals  and  Plants,  (i)  AVe  are  told  that 
plants  and  animals  existed  ages  ago,  that  do  not  exist 
now.      How  is  this  known?      (2)     Define  fauna,  and 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


flora.  {3)  What  class  of  animals  has  nearly  all 
disappeared  ?  (4)  What  wild  animals  are  still  found  ? 
Where?  (5)  Describe  their  habits.  (6)  What  is  the 
State  Fish  Commission?  (7)  The  text  mentions 
"hatcheries"  and  also  speaks  of  "planting."  Explain 
these  terms.  (S)  Distinguish  the  food  fish  of  the 
state.  (9)  What  are  the  game  and  fish  laws  of  Wis- 
consin ?  Who  is  the  state  game  warden?  (10) 
Describe  bark  and  foliage  of  six  native  forest  trees. 
Sketch  each  tree  to  show  shape. 

Native  Peoples,  (i)  Name  and  locate  the  native 
Indian  tribes  occupying  the  state  before  its  exploration 
and  settlement.  (2)  Select  five  Indian  names  that 
ha\-e  been  given  to  natural  features.  (3)  Where  were 
the  Sioux  Indians  located  ?  (4)  What  and  when  was 
the  Black  Hawk  War?  What  famous  president,  as  a 
young  man,  enlisted  in  this  war?  (5)  What  evidences 
exist  showing  that  the  Indians  occupied  the  state  for 
a  long  time  ? 

Early  History  and  Settlement,  (i)  What  is  eth- 
nology? What  are  prehistoric  remains?  (2)  Who 
was  the  first  white  man  to  visit  what  is  now  Wisconsin  ' 
State  how  and  why  he  came.  (3)  Trace  his  route  and 
name  the  cities  that  now  exist  along  it.  (4)  Who 
followed  Nicolet'  When  and  why?  (5)  Explain  the 
tenn  "portaged."  (6)  Where  and  when  was  the  first 
settlement  made?  (7)  Who  was  Nicholas  Perrot  ? 
(8)  What  were  the  French  missions?  (g)  What  caused 
the  French  to  give  up  this  territory?  (10)  Why  did 
the  rule  of  the  English  legally  terminate  in  1783, 
but  literally  not  until  1812?  (11)  What  causes 
naturally  fixed  the  location  of  the  first  settlements? 
(12)  Were  settlements  made  rapidly  during  the  early 
days?  Why''  (13)  Where  did  the  settlers  come  from 
after  the  Black  Hawk  War '  After  1S40'  (14)  AVhat 
motive    prompted     these    immigrants? 

Agriculture,  (i)  What  gives  Wisconsin  its  rank  as 
an  agricultural  state  ?  (2)  What  per  cent  of  its  popula- 
tion is  engaged  in  agriculture  ?  (3)  What  is  the  most 
important  product  ?  Why  ?  (4)  Among  the  states 
what  is  Wisconsin's  rank  in  the  production  of  oats? 
(5)  Cereals  make  what  proportion  of  the  entire  crop 
value?  (6)  What  are  forage  crops'  AVhat  per  cent 
of  the  entire  land  surface  of  the  state  is  devoted 
to  grass?  (7)  What  counties  lead  in  the  production 
of  potatoes;  onions;  tobacco?  (8)  What  small  fruits 
are  grown  profitably  ?  What  hardy  fruits  ?  (g)  In 
what  kind  of  soil  do  cranberries  thrive  ?  (10)  Which 
coiuities  yield  the  greatest  value  of  farm  products 
(Fig.  24)?  Are  they  the  most  fertile  '  (11)  Why  is  so 
much  attention  paid  in  AVisconsin  to  having  good  agri- 
cultural schools  ?  (12)  In  wheat  production  AA^isconsin 
ranks  low-,  yet  one  of  the  principal  wheat  ports  of  the 
U.  S.  is  located  here.     AA'here  is  it '     AA'hat  causes  this? 

Live  Stock,  (i)  AA'hat  is  live  stock?  Why  does 
AA'isconsin  rank  high  in  this  occupation  ?  (2)  AA^hat 
conditions  are  favorable  to  the  raising  of  sheep'  (3) 
How  is  wool  sold  '    (4)   What  is  dairying  ?    AA'hat  rank 


does  it  take  among  the  industries  of  the  state  ?  (5) 
How  does  the  state  rank  with  others  in  the  number  of 
milch  cows?  (6)  AA'hat  state  surpasses  it?  (7)  What 
disposition  is  made  of  the  milk  ?  (8)  What  other  com- 
mercial products  than  butter  are  derived  fro:n  milk  ? 

Minerals  and  Mining,  (i)  AA'hat  are  mineral 
resources?  (2)  AA'here  are  the  iron-producing  dis- 
tricts in  the  state?  (3)  AA'hat  other  iron  districts  con- 
tribute to  its  commercial  welfare  ?  (4)  Locate  the  two 
principal  ore-shipping  cities  of  AA'isconsin.  (5)  How 
many  tons  of  iron  ore  were  produced  in  i go 5?  In 
1 904  ?  (6)  When  were  the  lead  mines  first  worked 
and  by  whom  ?  (7)  What  becomes  of  the  zinc  ore 
mined  in  the  state?  What  is  a  smelter?  (8)  Does 
the  lack  of  coal  increase  the  cost  of  fuel?  Why? 
AA'hat  other  state  furnishes  most  of  the  coal '  (g)  What 
is  graphite  ?  Where  found  ;■  Into  what  product  is  it 
manufactured'  (10)  What  are  clay  products?  (11) 
Name  the  different  kinds  of  building  stone  and  state 
where  found.      AVhich  is  the  most  valuable? 

Manufacturing,  (i)  AA'hat  three  factors  have  mate- 
rially aided  the  development  of  manufacturing  in  the 
state  ?  AA'hat  per  cent  of  the  population  is  engaged 
in  this  occupation'  (Fig.  2g.)  (2)  Find  the  growth 
in  millions  of  dollars  since  1850.  State  the  proportion 
of  water  power  used  in  i  goo  as  compared  with  that 
used  in  1870  (Figs.  40  and  41).  (3)  AA'hich  is  the  most 
important  industry  in  the  state?  (4)  AA'ill  this  indus- 
try increase  or  decrease  in  importance?  (5)  AA'hat 
is  wood  pulp  ?  (6)  What  natural  conditions  are  favor- 
able to  the  flouring  and  grist-mill  industries?  (7) 
AA'hat  is  the  second  industry  in  importance  ?  (8)  AA'hat 
part  of  the  hemlock  and  oak  tree  is  used  in  tanning 
leather?  (g)  AA'hat  state  surpasses  AA'isconsin  in  the 
manufacture  of  gloves?  (10)  AA'hat  is  the  third  indus- 
try in  the  state?  (11)  AVhat  is  malt?  (12)  AVhat 
are  malt  liquors?  (13)  AVhat  products  are  manufac- 
tured from  sugar  beets;  tobacco?  (14)  AA'hat  caused 
the  establishment  of  slaughter  houses  ? 

Transportation.  ( i )  What  is  the  most  famous  inland 
water  transportation  route  in  the  world  ?  (2)  AA'hat  is 
meant  by  developing  a  harbor  ?  (3)  Describe  the  har- 
bor of  Superior.  (Fig.  55.)  AA'hat  are  docks?  (4) 
How  many  tons  of  freight  are  handled  annually  in  this 
harbor?  How  does  it  rank  with  other  United  States 
inland  harbors?  (5)  With  the  harbors  of  sea-coast 
cities?  (6)  How  does  the  tonnage  of  the  canal  at 
Sault  Ste.  Marie  compare  with  that  of  the  Suez  Canal  ? 
AA'hat  does  this  prove  ?  (7)  What  do  you  understand 
by  a  navigable  river  ?  AA'hat  is  meant  by  the  head  of 
navigation?  (8)  AA'hat  are  locks?  How  many  are 
there  on  the  Fox  River  between  Lake  AA'innebago 
and  Green  Bay?  (Fig.  42.)  (g)  How  many  miles 
of  railroad  in  the  state?  In  your  section  of  the  state, 
what  lands  of  transportation  are  used  ?  (10)  Sketch 
a  map  of  Wisconsin  showing  leading  lines  of  transpor- 
tation. This  should  include  railroads,  river  routes, 
and  lake  harbors — with  the  ten  largest  cities.     Show 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCONSIN 


your  particular  location  on  the  map  with  regard  to 
these,  putting  in  the  connecting  line. 

Government,  (i)  When  was  the  territory  of  Wis- 
consin organized?  When  made  a  state  ?  (2)  What  is 
a  constitutional  convention?  (3)  Describe  the  legis- 
lative department  of  the  state;  the  executive;  the 
judicial.  (4)  How  many  counties  in  the  state?  (5) 
Distinguish  the  officers  of  your  county.  (6)  What  are 
the  duties  of  a  probate  judge?  Of  the  justice  of  the 
peace?  (7)  What  is  a  township  board?  Aboard  of 
supervisors  ?  (8)  What  is  meant  by  the  county  treas- 
urer? The  state  treasury?  The  city  treasury?  (9) 
How  is  Wisconsin  represented  in  Congress  ?  (10)  What 
is  the  vState  Capitol?  The  State  Historical  Library? 
(11)   Name  ten  noted  Wisconsin  men. 

Education,  (i)  When  was  the  free  public  school 
system  established?  What  grades  are  included? 
What  amount  of  money  is  annually  spent  for  educa- 
tion? (2)  Where  is  the  State  University  located? 
State  Agricultural  College?  (3)  What  are  county 
agricultural  schools?  (4)  When  and  where  was  the 
first  normal  school  opened?     What  is  a  nonnal  school  ? 

(5)  Explain  the  terms  "rural,"  "village,"  and  "high" 
schools.  (6)  What  are  county  training  schools?  (7) 
How  is  the  entire  school  system  supervised  or  super- 
intended "' 

Population  and  Rank,  (i)  Give  increase  in  popu- 
lation of  Wisconsin  from  igoo  to  1905.  (2)  What 
was  its  rank  in  the  Union  in  1905  ?  In  the  Mississippi 
Basin  group  ?  (3)  What  is  peculiar  about  the  nation- 
ality of  the  population  of  Wisconsin?  (Fig.  61.) 
(4)  What  state  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  exceeded  it  in 
this  respect  ? 

Cities  of  Wisconsin,  (i)  How  does  the  distribution 
of  population  in  Wisconsin  compare  with  that  of 
Illinois?  With  New  York?  What  causes  this  differ- 
ence? (2)  What  advantages  led  to  the  location  of 
Milwaukee  ?  (3)  Describe  the  present  city  as  to  nat- 
ural districts,  public  buildings  and  institutions,  indus- 
trial, commercial,  and  educational  interests,  with 
factors  of  harbor  and  railroads. 

(4)  State  the  reasons  for  the  natural  grouping  of 
the  towns  of  the  state.  (5)  Distinguish  and  locate 
on  your  own  map  the  towns  of  the  Milwaukee  region. 

(6)  How  is  the  second  group  of  towns  divided  ?     (7) 


Name  and  locate  in  their  respective  group  the  ten 
largest  cities  as  to  size.  Locate  six  in  the  order  of 
industrial  rank.  (8)  Describe  Racine  as  to  situation, 
industries,  transportation  facilities,  and  important 
institutions,  (g)  What  points  of  interest  are  located 
at  Kenosha?  At  Burlington?  (10)  State  causes  of 
the  growth  of  Sheboygan.  (11)  What  are  coal  and 
salt  docks?  (12)  What  town  of  this  group  has  a 
large  trade  in  cheese?  (13)  On  the  ordinary  lake 
steamer,  how  long  would  it  take  you  to  go  from  Sheboy- 
gan to  Manitowoc?  (14)  AVhat  two  distinguishing 
industrial  interests  are  located  at  Manitowoc  ? 

(15)  What  natural  advantages  have  aided  the  growth 
of  the  towns  of  the  third  group?  (16)  Describe  the 
capital  of  Wisconsin.  (17)  What  town  is  the  chief 
railroad  center  of  this  region  ?  In  what  does  its  trade 
consist?  (18)  Locate  Beloit  and  distinguish  as  to 
industries.  (19)  What  kind  of  soil  is  needed  in  the 
raising  of  sugar  beets ?  Tobacco?  (20)  Locate  a  ship- 
ping point  for  each  in  this  group.  (21)  Where  is  the 
Yerkes  Observatory ' 

(22)  What  historical  interest  is  attached  to  the 
towns  of  the  fourth  group  '  What  is  the  chief  city  ? 
(23)  Locate  and  distinguish  these  towns:  Depere, 
Kaukauna,  Neenah,  Menasha.  (24)  Compare  the 
towns  of  Fond  du  Lac  and  .-Vppleton  as  to  location, 
size,  and  industries.  (25)  What  are  granite  quarries? 
What  is  a  cranberry  marsh?  (26)  Locate  the  chief 
town  of  the  fifth  group.  What  is  the  distinguishing 
industry  of  this  region?  (27)  To  what  do  the  Wolf 
River  Yalley  towns  owe  their  prosperity  ?  (28)  Locate 
as  to  counties  the  lead  and  zinc  district.  Describe 
Platteville  and  Mineral  Point. 

(29)  What  four  advantages  made  the  Wisconsin 
\'alley  attractive  to  settlers?  What  town  manu- 
factures sand  paper?  Wood  pulp?  Boxes  and 
pails?  Furniture?  Yeneer  and  excelsior ?  (30)  Locate 
Portage  and  explain  its  historical  interest.  C31) 
Which  is  the  largest  town  of  the  upper  Mississippi 
Valley  group !"  What  common  product  distinguishes 
most  of  these  towns?  (32)  Locate  these:  Chippewa 
lumber  district;  a  beet  sugar  factory;  a  starch  factory. 

(33)  Sketch  the  district  and  locate  the  Lake  Superior 
towns.  Describe  Superior.  (34)  Where  are  the  Peli- 
can Rapids?     Explain  the  term  "an  outlet  for  ore." 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  COLLATERAL  READING 


Bancroft,  History  of  Wisconsin. 

Geikie,  Elementary  Lessons  in  Physical  Geography. 

Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest. 

Legler,  Leading  Events  in  Wisconsin  History. 

Long,  Secrets  of  the  Woods. 

Ways  of  the  Wood  Folks. 

Wilderness  Ways. 
McMurray,  Pioneers  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
Parker,  Uncle  Robert's  Geography. 
Parkman  Club,  Publications. 
Robinson,  E.  V.,  Commercial  Geography. 


Russell,  Glaciers  of  North  America. 

Lakes  of  North  America. 
Shaler,  First  Book  of  Geology. 

Origin  of  Valleys  and  Lakes,  pp.  1 13-129. 
Thwaites,  Down  Historic  Water  Ways. 

The  Jesuit  Relations. 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  1906,  Lumber  Industry 

and  Mineral  Resources. 
Wisconsin,  State  Census  and  Department  Reports. 
Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society,  Publications. 


THE  INDEX 


The  figures  imlosed  tn  parentheses  refer  to  illustrations,  all  other  figures  refer  to  pages-  heavier  type  is  used  for  the  more  important  references. 


45 


,  3S. 


Agricultural  products,  value  of,  47. 

Agricultural    schools,   31.  32,  44- 

Agriculture,  19-21. 

Algoma,  37- 

Allouez,  18. 

Alma,  3r,  44. 

Animals,  Native,  is,  i"- 

Antigo,  31.  45. 

Apostle  Islands,  9,  IS,  45- 

Appleton,  3r,  32,  40. 

Arcadia,  44. 

Ashland,  17.  22,23.4s;  County,4S. 

Augusta,  44. 

Baraboo,    42;    iron    district,    22; 

River,  42.  r         J      1. 

Barley,ig,  26;  value  of  product,  47. 
Barron,   44;    County,  44;  County 

TraminK  School,  31,  44- 
Battle  Hollow,   17,  43. 
Bayfield,     16,    45 ;     County, 
Beans,  20,  47. 
Beaverdam,  39. 
Beaver  Lake,  39- 
Bees,  22,  48. 

Beloit,3i,32,38:CoUege,3i.3 
Berlin,  40. 
Big  Bull  Falls,  42- 
Big  Ells  River,  45- 
Black  Hawk,    16,    17. 
Black  Hawk  War,  1 6,  1 7 .  '  i.  43 
Black  River,  43- 
Black  River  Falls,  43- 
Boscobel,  43- 
Boundary,  7.  9,  13- 
Brodhead,  39. 
Brown  County,  20. 
Brownstone,  45. 
Brule  River,  13,  14. 
Buckwheat,  ig;  value  of,  47- 
Buffalo  County.44 ;  School.  31.  44- 
Building  stone,  24. 
Burlington,  36. 
Butter,  22,  -'5.  26,  43,  4». 
Carroll  College,  36- 
Cattle,  21,  22,  40,  48. 
Cedarburg,  37.  ,  , 

Census,  Federal  and  state.  40. 
Champlain,  17.  „ 

Cheese,  =2,  25.  26,  37.39.42,41,  4». 
Chequamegon  Bay,  45. 
Chippewa  County,  44. 
Cliippewa  Falls,  44. 
Chippewa  River,  12.  13.  18    24.  44. 

45     Brunett  Falls,   1 2. 
Cities    and    Towns.    Growth    and 

development  of,  33-45. 
Clark  County,  43- 
Climate,  14. 
ClintonviUe,  41- 

College  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  3r,  39- 
Columbus,  39. 
Concordia  College,  31- 
Congressional  districts,  30. 
Copper,  23. 
Corn,   19;  value.  47- 
County  Training  Schools,  32- 
Crawford  Co.  Training  School,  31- 
Crawford,  Fort,  43- 
Cudahy.  35- 
Cumberland,  44- 

Dairying,  lo.  22,  25,27,37.38.39.42. 
Dairy  products,  22,   25,  37,  .38,   30, 

41,   42,   43.   44;  value.    47.    48. 
Dane  County,  20. 
Darlington,  42. 
Delavan,  39;  Lake,  39- 
Depere,  40. 
Devils  Lake.   12,  42. 
Dodge  County,  39. 
Dodgeville,  42. 
Door  County,  38. 
Douglas  County,  14.  45- 
Drainage,  12-14. 
Dunn  County,  44 ;  Training  School, 

31.  44. 
Durand,  44. 
Eagle  River,  4S. 
Eau    Claire,    31,    43,  44',  County 

Training  School,  31,  44. 
Edgerton,  38. 
Education,  30-32;  31. 
Eggs,  22,  47- 
Elkhorn,  39. 


Ellsworth,  44. 
Elroy,  42. 

Embarrass  River,  41. 

Evansville,  39. 

Farm  products,  value  of,  19,    47. 

Fish  hatcheries,  16.  38,  45. 

Florence,  41;  County,  41. 

Fond  du  Lac,  40;  County,  13.  40- 

Fort  Atkinson,  38,  39. 

Fountain  City,  44. 

Fox  River,  7.  13,  14.  16,  17.  24,  25, 
28.  36,  39,  40,  41,  43. 

Fruit,  20,  21,  47. 
Gays  Mills,  31. 
Geneva,  Lake,  16,  39. 
Geological  growth,  10-12. 
Glaciation,  10,  12. 

Glenwood,  44. 

Government,  29,  30. 

Grand  Rapids,  31,  42. 
Granite,   10.   24.  40,  42. 

Grant  County,  43. 

Graphite,  23. 

Green  Bay,i 0,13,16, 1  7. 1 8.39,40,41. 

GreenCountyTrainingSchool,  i  t  ,39 

Green  Lake  County,  40;  Trainmg 
School.  31.  40. 

Groseilliers,  17,  45. 

Hay  and  torage,2o.2i  ,57  ;  baled,42. 

Hayward,  44. 

History,  early,  17,  18. 

Honey,  20,  22,  47. 

Horicon,  39. 

Hudson,  44. 

Hurley,  45. 

Indians,  16,  17,  18;  Schools,  43,  44. 

Iowa  County,  42. 

Iron,  22,  23,  26,  34-  3'i. 41-42,  45. 4'*- 

Iron  County,  45;  Iron  River,  45. 

Isle  Wisconsin,  10.  11.  24. 

Jackson  County,  43- 

Janesville,  38,  39. 

Jefferson,  39;  County,  39. 

Joliet,  18. 

Junction  City,  23. 

Juneau  County,  42." 

Juneau  Park,  35. 

Kaukauna,  40. 

Kegonsa  Lake,  38. 

Kemper  Hall,  36. 

Kenosha,  36. 

Kewaunee,  37;  County,  37. 

Kilbourn  City,  42,  43- 

Kinnickinnic  River,  33- 

La  Crosse,  31.  32,  43,  44'.  County, 
4V.  River,  43- 

Ladysmith,  31. 

Lafayette  County,  42. 

Lake  Geneva,  39. 

Lakemills,  39. 

Lake  Nebagamon,  45- 

Lancaster,  41.  42.  „,    ■   . 

Langlade  County,  45;  Training 
School,  31,  45- 

Lawrence  College,  31,  32.  40. 

Lead,  17.  iS,  23,  41,  42. 

Limestone,  10,  11,  19,  24.  27.  40 

Lincoln  County,  42;  Training 
School.   31,  42. 

Live  stock,  21,  26,  39.  42,  34'  48. 

Lumber,  37-45;  and  timber  prod- 
ucts. 24,  39.  42,  43;  value  26.48. 

Lumbering,  9,  10,  24,  39. 

Madison,  30.  3i.  38,  39.  . 

Manitowoc,  31,  37;  County  Train- 
ing School.  31;  River,  37. 

Manufacturing,  24-27;  cities,  sta- 
tistics of,  47;  manutactures, 
growth  of,  24,  leading,  48;  value 
of  product  27,  48. 

Marathon  County,  42;  Training 
School.  31.  42.  .      T     ■ 

Marinette,  31.  4i;  County  train- 
ing School.  31.  41. 

Marquette  College,  31. 

Marquette,  P6re,  iS. 

Marshfield,  42, 

Mansion,  42. 

Mayville,  39. 

Medford,  45. 

Menasha,  40. 

Mendota,  Lake,  13,   3o,  31.  38- 

Menominee,  3r,  44;  iron  district, 
22;  River,  13,  16,  17,  24,  33,  41. 


Merrill,  31.  42. 

Mesabi  Range  (Minn.),  22 

Michicott  River,  37. 

Milk,  22,  48;  condensed,  25,  39,  41. 

Milton,  31 ;  Milton  College,  3  r . 

Milwaukee,  18,  22,  28,  31,  32,  33- 
35,  36,37.39;mapof.  34;  County, 
20,  20.;  River,  13.  33.  South,  35. 

Milwaultee  Academy,  3 1 . 

Milwaukee-Downer  College,  31. 

Mineral  Point,  26.  41,  42. 

Mineral  Springs,  35.  39- 

Minerals  and  mining,  22-24; 
distribution  of  minerals,  3;  see 
also  names  of  minerals,  2. 

Mining  trade  school,  41. 

Mississippi  River,  7,  9.  i-.  i3.  iS. 
17.   r8,   28,  41,  43.  44- 

Mondovi,  44- 

Monona,  Lake,  30.  38. 

Monroe,   31.  39;  County,  43. 

Montreal  River,  13.  45- 

National  Soldiers'  Home,  15. 

Necedah,  42. 

Neenah,  40. 

NeiUsviUe,  43. 

Neshota  River,  37. 

New  Lisbon,  42. 

New  London,  31.  41. 

New  Richmond,  44. 

Nicolet,  Jean,  17. 

North  Milwaukee,  3S. 

Northwest  Territory,  7.18- 

Northwestern  University,  31.  39- 

Oats,  19;  value,  47- 

Occupations,  21. 

Oconomowoc,  35.  3°;  Lake   16. 

Oconto,  41;  County.  41;  River.  13 

Odanah,  45. 

Omro,  40. 

Onalaska,  43. 

Oneida  County,  45- 

Oshkosh,  17.  31.  39,  40,  43 

Ozaukee  County,  37- 

Peas,  20,  47- 

Pecatonica  River,  42. 

Pelican  Rapids,  45. 

Penokee-Gogebic  Range.  22.  45. 

Peoples,  natne.  16. 

Pepin  County,  44. 

Pepin,  Lake,  17- 

Perrot,  Nicholas,  17,  23. 

Peshtigo,  41;  River,  13. 

Phillips,  31.  45- 

Pierce  County,  44. 

Plants,  15,  16. 

Platteville,    31.  4'.   42- 

Plymouth,  37.  „  ,      , 

Polk  County  Training  School,  31. 

Population,  32,  4<'.  47;  and  rank. 
32;  cities,  principal,  47;  coun- 
try or  state  of  birth,  32,  47; 
density  of,  32;  density  of  urban, 
33:  distribution  and  gain  in, 
33;  foreign  bom  32;  native,  32. 

Port  Washington,  37- 

Portage,i3,i7,iS,43;County,i9.42. 

Position,  7. 

Potatoes,   10,   20,   47. 

Potsdam,  area.  24. 

Poultry,  22,  48. 

Poygan,  Lake,  40. 

Prairie  du  Chien,  17.  18,  31,  43. 

Prescott,  44. 

Price  County,  45;  Training  School, 
31,  45- 

Princeton,  31.  4° 

Racine,  36;  Racine  College.  36. 

Radisson,  17,  45. 

Rainfall,  mean  annual,   14. 

Red  Cedar  River,  44- 

Reedsburg,  31.  42. 

Rhinelander,  45. 

Rice  Lake,  31.  44. 

Richland  Center,  31.  42. 

Richland  County,  43;  Training 
School.  31,  43- 

Ripon,  31,  32;  Ripon  College. 31, 32. 

River  Falls,  31,  32.  44;  Stale  Nor- 
mal School.  31,  44. 

Rock  County,  20,  38. 

Rock  Lake,  39. 

Rock  River,  11.   13,  24,  38.  39. 

Root  River,  36. 


Rusk  County  Training  School,  31. 

Rye,  13;  production,  2o;value47. 

St.  Croix  County,  44. 

St.  Croix  Falls,  31. 

St. Croix  River,  7,9, 13, 14.  15. 18,44. 

St.  Lawrence  College,  31. 

St.  Louis  River,  13. 

Sandstone,  10,  11,  24. 

Sauk  County,  42;  Training  School, 
31.  42- 

Sawyer  County,  44. 

Scenery,  15. 

Settlement,    18. 

Shawano.  41 ;  County.  41. 

Sheboygan,   36,  37;   River,  37. 

Sheboygan  Falls,  37. 

Shell  Lake,  44. 

Shullsburg,  42. 

Size,  7. 

Soil,  9,  10. 

Sparta,  43. 

Spring  Valley,  44. 

Stanley,  44. 

State  Agricultural  College  31. 

State  Fish  Commission,  15. 

State    Historical   Library,    30.    38. 

State  Home  for  Feeble-Minded 
and  Insane,  44. 

State  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  38- 

State  Industrial  School  for  Boys,  36. 

State  Prison,  30- 

State  Public  School  for  Dependent 
Children,  43. 

State  School  for  the  Blind,  3.4. 

State  School  for  the  Deaf,  39- 

Statistics  and  aids  to  teachers,46-48. 

Steel,  :u.  45.  48;  bridge  works.  36. 

Stevens  Point,  31.  32,  42. 

Stoughton,  38. 

Stout  Training  Schools  44. 

Sturgeon  Bay,  37.  38. 

Sugar  beets,  20,  27;sugar,  27,  38,  44. 

Superior,  22,  23.  27,  28.  31,  32,  45; 
harb'ir    al .    27,  28.  29;    44. 

Superior  StateNormalSchool,3i, 45. 

Surface,  9,   10. 

Taylor  County,  45. 

Temperature,  mean,  15. 

Tobacco,  10.  20,  27,  38,  43,  48; 
value,  47;  yield  of  22. 

Tomah,  43. 

Tomahawk,  42. 

Transportation,  27,  28. 

Trempealeau,  County,  44;  River,  44. 

Two  Rivers,  37. 

University  of  Wisconsin,  31,  i2.  38 

Vernon  County,'  43 ;  School.  31.43. 

Vilas  County,  45. 

Viroqua,   31,  43;  14- 

Walworth  County,  39- 

Washburn,  45;  County.44. 

Washington  County,  37. 

Waterloo,  39. 

Water  power,  10,  24,  25.  38,  40, 
42,  43,  44.  45;  amount  of.  used 
in  manufactures  24;  develop- 
ment  of   on   Fox  River.  25. 

Watertown,  31,  39. 

Waubesa,  Lake,  38. 

Waukesha,  35,  36. 

Waupaca,  41;  County.  19.  41; 
County  Training  School.  31,  41 

Waupun,  39. 

Wausau,  31,  42. 

Wausaukee,  41. 

Waushara  County,  19. 

Wauwatosa,  35. 

Wayland  Academy,  39. 

West  Allis,  35. 

West  Bend,  37. 

Wheat,  10. 

Whitefish  Bay,  35- 

Whitewater,  3 1 .  39. 

Winnebago,  Fort,  4^ 

Winnebago,  Lake,   13.   17,  39.  4°- 

Winneconne,  40. 

Wisconsin  River,  7.9.  13.  14.  iS  .'7. 
24.2S,4i.4  2.43.4S;Dalles,  15,42. 

Wolf  River,  13,  41. 

Wood  County,  42 ;  Training  School, 
31.  42. 

Wool,  21. 

Yerkes  Observatory,  39. 

Zinc,   23,   26,  41,  42. 


ll 


